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THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH 
LITERATURE 


Outlines of the History of English Literature 
with 

Reading and Reference Lists 


BY 

LOUISE POUND, Ph. D. 

Associate Professor of English Literature 
University of Nebraska 



THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS 
LINCOLN 
1910 







/ 


THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH 

4 


LITERATURE 




Outlines of the History of English Literature 
with 

Reading and Reference Lists 


BY 

LOUISE POUND, Ph. D. 

II 

Associate Professor of English Literature 
University of Nebraska 


THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS 
LINCOLN 
1910 








COPYRIGHT, 1910, 
BY 

LOUISE POUND 
All rights reserved 





m t 






THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 


INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

The following outlines are intended for use in reading courses in the 
historical development of English literature. They may be used with or 
without the accompaniment of the usual school or collegiate history of 
English literature, or of biographies of the chief English writers. If used 
without such accompaniment they may be made the basis for short transi¬ 
tional discussions by the instructor, which will connect the selections read, 
and suggest the historical background. 

Special endeavor has been made to indicate the important movements, 
political, social, educational, religious, and aesthetic, affecting the general 
course of English literary development; also to take note of some of the 
influences upon it from foreign lands. English literature in its continuity 
and diversity is probably more attractive than other literatures ancient or 
modern. It has a longer and more complex history, and more periods of 
high creative impulse. A survey of its growth, indicating the successive 
steps of the close-linked progress, preserving the historical procession, and 
relating the stream of the national literature to the stream of the national 
life, is something which the genuine student of this literature cannot well 
forego. The reader who gives attention to special authors, in isolation, 
has a fascinating task, and he may get the advantage—a real one—of the 
microscopic view; but he needs the telescopic view as well. He is likely 
not to realize the essential and necessary connection between the life of a 
people and its aesthetic expression; to see how such expression is affected, 
in form and matter, by its relation to the time that produced it. The 
literary life of a later period has new meaning and interest when one 
knows its parentage. It is not exaggeration to say that no part of a 
national literature can be wholly understood unless it is clearly seen what 
relation it bears to the rest. To follow through the thoughts of one’s 
ancestors brings definite ideas of the essential facts and laws of literary 
evolution; and it gives that sense of proportion and perspective which the 
student of isolated masterpieces, or of literature unrelated to history, is 
likely to miss. 

It is not expected that the average student will make much use of the 
critical matter indicated in the reference lists. The reading, with inter- 



4 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


pretative study, of representative selections from each period should oc¬ 
cupy most of his time. But the critical matter may serve as a guide to 
after-study, or it may enable him to extend his knowledge of particular 
periods or authors or literary forms when desired. Lastly, it may serve 
to familiarize him with some of the apparatus of literary criticism. It 
should introduce him to what is now a somewhat formidable special 
subject; for such the bibliography of English literature and English litera- 
ary history has become. 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


5 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE 


GENERAL LITERARY HISTORY AND CRITICISM 

Taine, H. A. History of English Literature. 2 vols. Trans, by Van 
Laun. New York, 1872. 

Ten Brink, Bernbard. History of English Literature. 3 vols. Trans, by 
Robinson. New York, 1883-96. 

Morley, Henry. English Writers. 11 vols. London, 1887-1895. 

Jusserand, J. J. Literary History of the English People. 3 vols. New 
York, 1895 ff. 

Courthope* W. J. History of English Poetry. 5 vols. London, 1895 ff. 

Garnett, R., and Gosse, E. English Literature, An Illustrated Record. 4 
vols. London and New York, 1903-04. 

The Cambridge History of English Literature. Edited by A. W. Ward 
and A. R. Waller. 14 vols. London and New York, 1907 ff. 

Brief school histories by Stopford Brooke (1876, 1900), Pancoast (1894, 
1907), Saintsbury (1898), Arnold (1899), Painter (1900), Halleck 
(1900), Scudder (1901), Moody and Lovett (1902), Simonds (1902), 
Newcomer (1905), Crawshaw (1906), Long (1909), etc. 

BIOGRAPHY 

Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Stephen and Lee. 63 vols. 
London and New York. 

English Men of Letters series. Edited by John Morley. London and New 
York. 

Great Writers series. Edited by Robertson and Marzials. Edinburgh 
and New York. 

Who's Who. London. (Biography of living English writers.) 

Hinchman, W. S., and Gummere, F. B. Lives of Great English Writers. 
Boston, 1908. (Brief work for school use.) 

See, also, the Beacon Biographies, Boston; the Acme Library of Standard 
Biographies, New York; Literary Lives series, edited by R. Nichol, 
New York, etc. 

ILLUSTRATIVE COLLECTIONS 
I. Poetry 

Hales, J. W. Longer English Poems. London and New York, 1872. 

Ward, T. H. English Poets. 4 vols. London and New York, 1880. (With 
biography and criticism.) 



6 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Syle, L. Du Pont. From Milton to Tennyson. Boston, 1894. 

Pancqast, H. S. Standard English Poems. New York, 1899. 

Quiller-Couch, A. T, The Oxford Book of English Verse. Oxford, 1900. 

Gayley, C. M., and Young, C. C. The Principles and Progress of English 
Poetry. New York, 1904. (With biography and criticism.) 

Manly, J. M. English Poetry, 1170-1892. Boston, 1907. 

See, also. The Chief Poets series: The Chief English Poets to the Time 
of Chaucer, edited by C. G. Child. The Chief English Poets from 
Chaucer to TotteVs Miscellany, edited by W. A. Neilson and K. G. T. 
Webster. The Chief Elizabethan Dramatists (except Shakespeare), 
edited by W. A. Neilson. The Chief British Poets of the Sixteenth 
and Seventeenth Centuries, The Chief British Poets of the Eighteenth 
Century, The Chief British Poets of the Nineteenth Century, edited 
by C. H. Page. 6 vols. Boston, 1905 ff. 

Also, English Poems, edited by W. C. Bronson: Old and Middle English, 
Early Drama, and Ballads. The Elizabethan Age and the Puritan 
Period. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. The Nine¬ 
teenth Century. 4 vols. Chicago, 1907-1910. 

Brief school anthologies by Parrott and Long, Boston, 1903; R. N. White- 
ford, Boston, 1903; Baldwin and Paul, New York, 1908, etc. 

2. Prose 

Saintsbury, George. Specimens of English Prose Style from Malory to 
Macaulay. 1885. 

Gallon, A. English Prose from Maundeville to Thackeray. London, 1888. 

Garnett, J. M. English Prose from Elizabeth to Victoria. Boston, 1892. 

Craik, Henry. English Prose. 5 vols. London and New York, 1893-1907. 
(With biography and criticism.) 

Pancoast, H. S. Standard English Prose. New York, 1902. 

Manly, J. M. English Prose, 1137-1890. Boston, 1909. 

3. Prose and Verse 

George, A. J. From Chaucer to Arnold. New York, 1898. 

Hadow, G. E. and W. H. The Oxford Treasury of English Literature. 
3 vols. Oxford, 1906. 

Warren, Kate M. A Treasury of English Literature. London, 1905. 

Newcomer, A. G., and Andrews, Alice. Twelve Centuries of English 
Poetry and Prose. Chicago, 1910. 

OTHER GENERAL REFERENCES 

Ryland, Frederick. Chronological Outlines of English Literature. London 
and New York, 1890. 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


7 


Gayley, C. M. Classic Myths in English Literature. Boston, 1904. 

Chambers, Robert. Cyclopaedia of English Literature. 1843, 1858, 1876, 

1901. 

Handbooks of English Literature series, edited by J. W. Hales; The Age 
of Chaucer, by F. J. Snell. The Age of Transition, by F. J. Snell. 
The Age of Shakespeare, by Seccombe and Allen, etc. 9 vols. London 
and New York, 1894-1906. 

Periods of European Literature series, edited by Saintsbury: The Dark 
Ages, by W. P. Ker. The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of 
Allegory, by G. Saintsbury. The Fourteenth Century, by F. J. Snell, 
etc. 12 vols. Edinburgh and New York, 1897-1904. 

Types of Literature series, edited by W. A. Neilson: The Popular Ballad, 
by F. B. Gummere. The Literature of Roguery, by F. W, Chandler. 
Tragedy, by A. H. Thorndike, etc. Boston, 1907 ff. 

CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION 

Gayley, C. M., and Scott, F. N. Introduetion to Methods and Materials of 
Literary Criticism. Boston, 1899. 

Sherman, L. A. Analytics of Literature. Boston, 1893. 

Wylie, Laura J. Studies in the Evolution of English Criticism. Boston, 
1894. 

Dowden, E. “The Interpretation of Literature,” in Transcripts and 
Studies, 1896. 

Crawshaw, W. H. The Interpretation of Literature. New York, 1896. 
Bray, J. W. History of English Critical Terms. Boston, 1898. 
Winchester, C. T. Some Prineiples of Literary Criticism. New York, 
1899. 

Trent, W. P. “The Nature of Literature” and “Literature and Morals,” 
in The Authority of Criticism. New York, 1899. 

Worsfold, W. B. The Principles of Criticism. New York and London, 

1902. 

Saintsbury, G. History of Criticism. New York, 1902-04. 

Woodberry, G. E. The Appreciation of Literature. New York, 1907. 

POETICS 

Lanier, Sidney. The Science of English Terse. New York, 1880. 

Guest, E. A. A History of English Rhythms. New ed. London, 1882. 
Gummere, F. B. Handbook of Poetics. Boston, 1886. 

Parsons, J. C. English Versification. Boston, 1891. 

Corson, H. Primer of English Versification. Boston, 1892. 


8 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Stedman, E. C. The Nature and Elements of Poetry. Boston, 1892. 
Gummere, F. B. The Beginnings of Poetry. New York, 1901. 

Mayor, J. B. Chapters on English Metre. 2d ed. 1901. 

Liddell, M. H. An Introduction to the Scientific Study of Poetry. New 
York, 1902. 

Omond, T. S. A Study of Metre. London, 1903. 

Alden, R. M. English Terse. New York, 1904. 

Johnson, C. F. The Forms of English Poetry. New York, 1904. 

Thomson, W. The Basis of English Rhythm. Glasgow, 1904. 

Alexander, H. B. Poetry and the Individual. New York, 1906. 

Shackford, M. H. First Book of Poetics for Colleges and Advanced 
Schools. Boston, 1906. 

Lewis, Charlton F. The Principles of English Terse. New York, 1906. 
Saintsbury, G. A History of English Prosody. 3 vols. London, 1906-08. 
Alden, R. M. Introduction to Poetry. New York, 1909. 

Bright, J. W., and Miller, R. D. The Elements Of English Tersification. 
Boston, 1910. 

Schipper, H. J, von. History of English Tersification. Oxford, 1910. 

STUDY AND TEACHING 
I. Books 

Corson, H. The Aims of Literary Study. New York, 1895. 

Heydrick, B. A. How to Study Literature. New York, 1901. 

Chubb, Percival. On the Teaching of English. New York, 1902. 

Painter, F. V. N. Elementary Guide to Literary Criticism. Boston, 1903. 
Carpenter, G. R., Baker, F. T., and Scott, F. N. The Teaching of English. 

New York, 1904. (American Teachers series.) 

Hopkins, E. M. Handbook on the Teaching of English. Chicago, 1904. 
Bates, Arlo. Talks on the Study of Literature. Boston, 1898. 

Bates, Arlo. Talks on the Teaching of Literature. Boston, 1906. 

Scudder, H. E. Literature in School. Boston. 

Colby, J. Rose. Literature and Life in School. Boston, 1906. 

Cook, A. S. The Higher Study of English. Boston, 1906. 

Macpherson, W. Principles and Methods in the Study of English Litera¬ 
ture. Cambridge, 1908. 

2. Essays and Articles 

Gayley, C. M., and Bradley, C. B. Suggestions to Teachers of English in 
the Secondary Schools. University of California Press, Berkeley, 
1906. 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


0 


Trent, W. P. “Teaching the Spirit of Literature” in The Authority of 
Criticism. New York, 1899. 

Trent, W. P. “Teaching Literature” in Greatness in Literature, New 
York, 1905. 

Dowden, Edward. “The Teaching of Literature” in l^ew Studies in 
Literature. London, 1895. 

Babbitt, Irving. Essays in Literature and the American College. Boston, 
1908. 

The Study of Literature. Essays by Morley, Nicolls, and Stephen. Edited 
by A. F. Blaisdell. 1909. 

Canby, A. S. “The Teaching of English Literature” in Education, October, 
1908. 

See, also, many articles at different times in The Nation, The Dial, Poet 
Lore, Education, School Review, Educational Review, etc. 

3. Manuals and Classroom Guides 

Trent, Hanson, and Brewster. An Introduction to the English Classics. 
Ginn & Co., Boston, 1910. 

Marsh and Royster. Teachers' Manual for the Study of English Litera¬ 
ture. Scott, Foresman, Chicago, 1902. 

Blakeley, G. S. Teachers' Outines for Studies in English. American Book 
Company, New York, 1908. 

ON READING 

Ruskin, John. Sesame and Lilies. Part I. 1865. 

Emerson, R. W. Essay on “Books” in Society and Solitude. 1870. 
Lowell, J. R. “Books and Libraries” in Among My Books. 1875. 
Harrison, Frederic. The Choice of Books. 1886. 

Birrell, A. “The Office of Literature,” in Obiter Dicta. 1887. 

Morley, John.. “On the Study of Literature,” in Studies in Literature. 
1891. 

Shaylor, Joseph. The Pleasures of Literature and the Solace of Books. 
New York, no date. 

Richardson, C. F. The Choice of Books. 1890. 

Hammerton, P. G. The Intellectual Life. 1901. 

Lamed, J. N. Books, Culture, and Character. 1909. 

Van Dyke, Henry, and others. Counsel upon the Reading of Books. 
Boston. 


10 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


SERIES OF ENGLISH CLASSICS ADAPTED TO SCHOOL USE 

The Standard English Classics, and The Athenaeum Press series. Ginn 
& Co., Boston. 

Riverside Literature series. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 

Everyman's Library. Dutton, New York. 

Lake English Classics. Scott, Foresman, Chicago. 

Belles Lettres series. Heath, Boston. 

English Classics, and Pocket Classics series. Macmillan, New York. 
English Readings. Holt, New York. 

Gateway Series of English Readings. American Book Company, New 
York. 

Longman's English Classics. New York. 

Silver Series of English Classics. Silver, Burdett & Co., New York. 
Cassell's National Library. Cassell, New York. 

Morley's Universal Library. Routledge. 

The Oxford English Texts. The Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York. 

The Cambridge English Classics. The University Press, Cambridge, 
England. 

For single volume editions of the poets, see the Globe edition (Mac¬ 
millan); the Cambridge edition (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.); and the 
Oxford Poets (Clarendon Press). 

See, also, the Golden Treasury series, the Aldine Poets, the Bohn Library, 
the Temple Dramatists, the Arber Reprints (Macmillan); the Mer¬ 
maid series of English Dramatists, and the Muses' Library (Scribner),, 
etc. 

HISTORIES OF ENGLAND 

Cheyney, E. P. Short History of England. Boston, 1904. 

Gardiner, S. R. A Student's History of England. New York, 1892. 

Oman, C. W. C. History of England. New York, 1900. 

Green, J. R. Short History of the English People. London, 1874. 

Green, J. R. A History of the English People. 4 vols. New York, 1880. 
Bright, J. F. History of England. 5 vols. London, 1877 ff. 

Other histories by Macaulay, Froude, Knight, etc. 

Colby, C. W. Selections from the Sources of English History. London,. 

1899. 

Kendall, E. K. Source Book of English History. New York, 1904. 

Gross, Charles. Sources and Literature of English History. New York,. 

1900. 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


11 


MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCES 

Traill, H. D. Social England. 6 vols. New York, 1894-97. 

Warner, G. T. Landmarks in English Industrial History. London, 1899. 
Gibbin, H. de B. Industry in England. New York, 1897. 

Fairholt, F. W. History of Costume in England to the End of the Eigh¬ 
teenth Century. 2 vols. London, 1885. 

Strutt, J. Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. Edited by W. 
Horne. London, 1898. 

Mitchell, D. G. English Lands, Letters, and Kings. 5 vols. New York, 
1889 ff. 


12 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


PRELIMINARY 


THE GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND 

The Physical Features of England. 

(1) Insularity, area, surface, contour, climate, resources, etc. 

The English landscape. 

(2) Probable influence on the race character and literature. 

THE CONQUERED CELTS 

I. Celtic or Pre-English England. The Koman-British Period. 
The Celtic race: (a^) Gaelic, (h) Cymric. Landing of Caesar, 

55 B. C. Roman invasion and conquest, 43-84 A. D. State 
of civilization in Britain. Withdrawal of Roman legions, 
410. Relapse to barbarism. Coming of the Angles and 
Saxons, 449 onward. 

II. Old Celtic Literature. 

Legendary bards, Myrddhin, Oisin. Pagan-Cel tic heroes, Finn, 
Cuchullin, etc. Celtic-Christian heroes, St. Patrick, St. 
Brandan, St. Columba. 

III. Special Celtic Characteristics, as seen in the race literature. 
Impetuosity, vivacity, imagination, melancholy, credulity, 

grace, poetic beauty, love of color, feeling for nature, sense 
of mystery, of humor, etc. 

IV. Nature of Celtic Influence on English Literature. 

The influence of Celtic fairy mythology; of the element of 
magic and enchantment; of the ^‘Celtic spirit.” 

V. The Neo-Celtic Revival. 

New modern enthusiasm for Celtic subjects and manner, 
Aubrey de Vere, W. B. Yeats, Fiona McLeod (William 
Sharp), Katherine Tynan, Ernest Rhys, Hall Caine, etc. 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Historical 

Thomas Wright, The Gelt, Roman, and Saxon, 1852, 1885. John Rhys, 
Celtic Britain, 1882. C. Elton, Origins of English History, London, 1882. 
E. Guest, Origines Gelticae, 1883. B. C. A. Windle, Life in Early Britain, 
London and New York, 1897. J. H. Ramsay, The Foundations of England, 



rRELIMINARY. 


13 


London and New York, 1897. Count de Montalembert, The Monks of the 
West, 7 vols., Edinburgh, 1861-79. Charles Squire, The Mythology of 
Ancient Britain and Ireland, London, 1906. J. Rhys, Celtic Folk Lore, 
2 vols., Oxford, 1901. H. D. Traill, Social England, I. 

Critical 

Magnus MacLean, The Literature of the Celts, Its History and Ro¬ 
mance, London, 1902. Matthew Arnold, Celtic Literature, London, 1867. 
W.^ B. Yeats, “The Celtic Element in Literature,” in Ideas of Good and 
Evil, 1893. H. B. Alexander, “The English Lyric, a Study in Psycho- 
Genesis,” Nebraska University Studies, IX, 1910. H. Morley, English 
Writers, I. Douglas Hyde, Literary History of Ireland, London, 1903. 

Illustrative Readings 

The Mabinogion, trans. by Lady Charlotte Guest (Everyman’s Li¬ 
brary); or Lanier’s The Boy's Mabinogion. Eleanor Hull, The Cuchullin 
Saga, London, 1898. P. Joyce, Old Celtic Romances, London, 1894. A. H. 
Leahy, The Courtship of Ferb, New York, 1902; also. Ancient Heroic 
Romances of Ireland, 2 vols., London, 1905. G. Meyer and A. Nutt, The 
Toy age of Bran, 2 vols., London, 1895. Macpherson’s Ossian (see Beers, 
English Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century, chapter ix). Gildas in 
Six Old English Chronicles (Bohn’s Library); also article “Gildas” in 
The Dictionary of National Biography. 

Collateral Readings in Fiction and Drama 

Shakespeare’s Cymbeline. Kipling’s Puck of Book's Hill. 


14 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD 

450-1100 

Subdivisions: 

(1) The Heathen Period, 450-600. 

(2) The Period of Anglian Supremacy, 600-850. 

(3) The Period of West-Saxon Supremacy, 850-1050. 

I. Saxon England. 

(1) The invasion and the conquest, 450-60.0. Settlement of 

the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Early kingdoms. 

(2) The new race, language, religion, race characteristics. 

(3) The Christianizing of England. Work of the missionaries, 

Augustine (Roman), Aidan (Irish), etc. 

(4) Establishment of schools, Canterbury, York, etc. 

II. Old English Poetry and Its Characteristics. 

1) The singers: the scop; the gleoman. 

(2) Writing and manuscripts. The mass of Old English 

poetry preserved in four chief MSS.: Exeter Book in 
Exeter Cathedral; Vercelli Book in Vercelli Cathedral, 
Italy; Beowulf MS. in British Museum; Junian MS. 
in Bodleian library, Oxford. 

(3) The Old English verse form. 

(4) Characteristics of the Old English poetic style. 

(5) Dominant themes and moods. 

III. The Period of Anglian Supremacy (poetic). About 600-850. 

(1) Scopic poetry: Widsith, Dear. 

(2) Beowulf and the older hero poetry. 

(3) The subjective-elegiac group: the Seafarer^ Wanderery 

Ruin, etc. 

(4) Old English Christian poetry. Caedmon and his school: 

the Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, etc. Cynewulf and his 
school: the Fates of the Apostles, Elene, Juliwna, etc. 

(5) Miscellaneous pieces, heathen and Christian. 

IV. The Period of West-Saxon Supremacy (largely prose). 

About 850-1050. 

(1) Laws, charters and legal documents. 

(2) The works of Alfred: translations of Gregory, Bede, Oro- 

sius, Augustine, etc. 


OLD ENGLISH PERIOD. 


15 


(3) The Old English Chronicle. 

(4) The works of Aelfric: Homilies, Colloquium, Grammar, 

etc. 

(5) ^liscellaneons didactic and ecclesiastical pieces. 

(G) Characteristics of Old English prose. 

V. I.atin Writings in England till the Eleventh Century. 

(1) Gildas, Nennius. 

(2) Aldhelin. 

(3) Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. 

(4) x\lciiin. 

VI. The Danish and Norman Conquests and the Break-Up of Old 

English. 


REFERENCES 

Historical 

Tacitus, Germania (Bohn translation, London, 1890). F. B. Gummere, 
Germanic Origins, New York, 1892. J. R. Green, The Making of England, 
The Conquest of England, 2 vols., 1881. E. A. Freeman, Old English His¬ 
tory, 1869. H. M. Chadwick, Origin of the English Nation, Cambridge, 
1907. E. Dale, National Life and Character in the Mirror of Early Eng¬ 
lish Literature, Cambridge, 1907. F. York Powell, Early Britain, 1894. 
Grant Allen, Anglo-Saxon Britain, 1881. W. Bright, Early English Church 
History, Oxford, 1897. De la Saussaye, The Religion of the Teutons, 
Boston, 1902. H. D. Traill, Social England, I. 

• Critical 

Stopford Brooke, History of Early English Literature, London, and 
New York, 1892; also, English Literature from the Beginning to the 
Norman Conquest, 1898. J. Earle, Anglo-Saxon Literature, London, 1884. 
Charlton F. Lewis, The Beginnings of English Literature, Boston, 1900. 
W. P. Ker, Epic and Romance, London, 1897. Ten Brink, History of 
English Literature, I. Morley, English Writers, II. Courthope, History 
of English Poetry, I. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, I. Jusse- 
rand. Literary History of the English People, I. The Cambridge History 
of English Literature, I. 

For Alfred, his works and reign, see books by Powell, Plummer; life 
by Freeman {Dictionary of National Biography), etc. Also, Asser’s Life 
of Alfred, ed. A. S. Cook, or ed. .W. H. Stephenson, etc. 

See, also, C. L. White’s Aelfric, New Study of His Life and Writings, 
Boston, 1898; West’s Life of Alcuin (Great Educator series), 1903, etc. 

Illustrative Readings 

F. B. Gummere, The Oldest English Epic, New York, 1909. Beowulf, 
trans. by Garnett (metrical), 1889; Earle, 1892; Hall, 1901; Child, 1904, 
Tinker, 1902, etc. Many translations of individual texts, as: Judith, by 
A. S. Cook; Christ, by C. H. Whitman; Andreas, by R. K. Root, etc. 
Exeter Book, trans. by I. Gollancz (E. E. T. S.). 


16 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Selections from Old English Poetry in Selections from Old English 
Poetry, Cook and Tinker, Boston, 1902; also in Brooke, Morley, Warren’s 
Treasury of English Literature, etc. See especially Bronson’s English 
Poems, I; and C. G. Child’s The Chief English Poets till the Time of 
Chaucer. 

Prose in Selections from Old English Prose, Cook and Tinker, Boston, 
1908. See, also, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Bohn Library), Alfred’s 
Orosius in Pauli’s Life of Alfred (Bohn Library), etc. 


THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD 

1100-1500. 

Subdivisions: 

(1) Transitional, 1100-1200. 

(2) Anglo-Norman, or Pre-Chaucerian, 1200-1300. 

(3) Chaucerian, 1300-1400. 

(4) Post-Cbaucerian, 1400-1500. 

THE ANQLO=NORMAN OR PRE=CHAUCERIAN PERIOD 

William, 1066-1187, William II, 1087-1100; Henry I, 1100-1135; 
Stephen, 1135-1154; Henry II, 1154-1189; Richard I, 1389- 
1199; John, 1199-1216; Henry III, 1216-1272; Edward 
I, 1272-1307. 

I. The New Race. 

(1) Characteristics of the Normans. 

(2) Blending of the Saxon and Norman spirit. 

(3) Effect of the fusion of races on the literature. 

II. The New Language. 

(1) Break-up of Old English. Struggle between English, • 

French, and Latin. 

(2) - Emergence of London English as standard. 

(3) Middle English changes in language structure. 

(o) Loss of inflections. 

(h) Loss of grammatical gender. 

(c) Loss of free power of composition. 

(4) Middle English changes in vocabulary. 

(a) Loss of old words. 


MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD. 


17 


(&) Assimilation of new words. 

(c) Bi- and tri-lingualism of English. 

(cl) Superiority of the composite tongue. Literary pos¬ 
sibilities of the new language. 

III. General Characteristics of the Period. 

(1) Historical. 

(o) The great systems of mediaeval Europe: The ecclesi¬ 
astical system. The scholastic system. The feudal 
system. 

(h) Great movements of the period: The establishment 
of guilds; of the orders of mendicant friars; of 
universities. Oxford chartered, 1200; Cambridge, 
1231. 

(2) Literary. 

(a) Unsettled and formative character of the period. A 
time of experiment and incubation. 

(&) Introduction of new verse forms, and a variety of 
rhyme schemes. Interest in form. 

(c) Gradual introduction of new themes and motives and 
new ideals, from the French. Entrance of the lit¬ 
erature of romance and allegory, 

{d) Leading mediaeval cycles of romance, represented in 
English literature by translation or adaptation: 

(1) Charlemagne legends; (2) Alexander legends; 

(3) Troy legends; (4) Arthur legends. 

IV. Middle English Prose before Chaucer. 

(1) The vernacular prose, chiefly ecclesiastical in nature. 

Sermons, saints’ lives, etc. The Ancren Riwle, Ayenbite 
of Imvity etc. 

(2) Prose romances, mostly translated from the French. For 

the leading cycles represented, see above. 

(3) Latin chroniclers in England. 

(«) Geoffrey of Monmouth’s history. Importance for 
later literature. 

{!)) Florence of Worcester, Matthew of Paris, etc. 

V. Middle English Poetry before Chaucer. 

(1) Religious pieces: Homilies, paraphrases, etc. The Moral 

Ode, the Ormuliim, Prick of Conscience, Cursor Mundi, 
etc. 

(2) Layamon’s Brut. 

2 


18 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Stories of popular heroes: Hereward (Latin), Havelock. 
Metrical romances: King Horn, Guy of M^arwick, ro¬ 
mances of Charlemagne, Alexander, Arthur, etc. 

(4) Proverb poetry, and metrical dialogues or disputes: Otvl 

and the Nightingale, etc. 

(5) Animal stories and fabliaux. 

(G) Various short lyrics on miscellaneous subjects. Hymns, 
love poems, etc. 

(7) Political and patriotic poems. Laurence Minot. 

Nl. Mystery Plays, now originating. 


REFERENCES 

Historical 

J. H. Ramsay, The Foundations of England, vols. I, II, 1897. J. R. 
Green, History of the English People, I; also. The Conquest of England, 
2 vols., 1881. E. A. Freeman, The Norman Conquest, 6 vols., London, 
1867-79; or Short History of the Norman Conquest; also, William the 
Conqueror (Twelve English Statesmen). S. R. Gardiner, Student's His¬ 
tory of England, 1892. C. Gross, The Sources and the Literature of Eng¬ 
lish History, 1900. H. D. Traill, Social England, I. 

Linguistic 

H. Bradley, The Making of English, London and New York, 1904. O. 
F. Emerson, History of the English Language, New York, 1891. T. Louns- 
bury. History of the English Language, New York, 1901. G. P. Krapp, 
Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use, New York, 1909. O. Jesper- 
sen. Growth and Structure of the English Language, Leipsic, 1905. 

Critical 

Ten Brink, History of English Literature, I. Morley, English Writers, 
III-IV. Courthope, History of English Poetry, I. Garnett and Gosse, 
English Literature, I. Jusserand, Literary History of the English People, 
I. The Cambridge History of English Literature, II. 

W. H. Schofield, English Literature from the Conquest till Chaucer, 
New York, 1906. G. Saintsbury, The Flourishing of Romance and the 
Rise of Allegory (Periods of European Literature series). W. P. Ker, 
Epic and Romance, London and New York, 1897. A. H. Billings, Guide to 
Early English Metrical Romances, New York, 1901. 

J. Rhys, Studies in the Arthurian Legend, Oxford, 1891. M. W. Mac- 
callum, Tennyson’s Idylls and Arthurian Story, New York, 1894. G. W. 
Maynadier, The Arthur of the English Poets, Boston, 1907. 

Illustrative Readings Before Chaucer 

Selections in the Chief Poets series, I; Bronson’s English Poems, I; 
Manly, English Poetry and English Prose; Warren, Treasury of English 
Literature. Lyrics in E. K. Chambers’ and F. Sedgewick’s Early English 
Lyrics, 1200-1550, London, 1907; in Oxford Book of English Verse, etc. 


AGE OF CHAUCER. 


19 


See, also, Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Giles, in Six Old English Chroni¬ 
cles (Bohn); Layamon’s Brut, ed. Madden; the Ormulum, ed. White; 
Minot’s Poems, ed. Hall; Sir Gawayn and the Orene Knight, trans. J. L. 
Weston, 1900; Ancren Riwle, modernized by J. Morton; the Pearl, trans. 
by Gollancz, 1891, Osgood, 1906, Coulton, 1906, M. Mead, 1908, S. Jewett, 
1908, etc. Morris-Skeat, Specimens of Early English, Oxford, 1889; O. F. 
Emerson, Middle English Reader, New York, 1905; G. Ellis, Early English 
Metrical Romances, London, 1848; H. Morley, Early English Prose Ro¬ 
mances, London, 1889. Also, the many publications of the Early English 
Text Society (E. E. T. S.). 

Fiction and Drama 

Scott, Ivanhoe, The Talisman. Kingsley, Hereward the Wake. Bul- 
wer-Lytton, Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings. 

Marlowe, Edward II. Shakespeare, King John. Tennyson, Harold, 
a Drama, and Becket, a Drama. 


THE AGE OF CHAUCER 
1300-1400 

Edward II, 1307-1327; Edward III, 1327-1377; Richard II, 1377- 

1399. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS AND CONDITIONS 

I. External. 

(1) Beginning of Hundred Years’ War. Victories of Crecy, 

Poitiers. 

(2) Military supremacy of England. 

(3) Rise of commerce. 

(4) Beginning of the division with Rome. 

II. Internal. 

(1) Political; Feudalism dominant but decaying. Progress 

of Parliament. Rise of the Commons. 

(2) Ecclesiastical: Weakness and worldllness of the church. 

Rise of the mendicant orders. Beginning of the Ref¬ 
ormation spirit. Rise of Lollardry (Wiclif). 

(3) Social: Feud between capital and labor. Growth of pau- 

})erisni. The Black Death. Peasant revolts. General 
discontent (Langland). 


20 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


(4) Literary: Trilingual state of literature. Tendency to 
scholasticism (Gower). 

REFERENCES 

Froissart, Chronicle (Everyman’s Library). J. R. Green, History of 
the English People, 1874. C. W. C. Oman, England and the Hundred 
Years' War, New York, 1899. Hutton, King and Baronage (Oxford Manuals 
of English History). P. J. Snell, The Fourteenth Century, London, 1901. 
Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life in the Fourteenth Century, New York, 
1888. T. Wright, Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England During 
the Middle Ages, London, 1871. H. D. Traill, Social England, II. A. J. 
Jessopp, The Coming of the Friars, London, 1908. E. L. Cutts, Scenes and 
Characters of the Middle Ages, London, 1872. G. H. Trevelyan, England 
in the Time of Wycliffe, London, 1899. M. Browne, Chaucer's England, 
2 vols., 1889. G. G. Coulton, Chaucer and His England, London, 1908. 

Fiction and Drama 

William Morris, The Dream of John Ball, 1888. Conan Doyle, The 
White Company, 1895. Shakespeare, Richard II. Southey, Wat Tyler, 
1817. 


CHAUCER 

1340-1400 

I. Life. 

Birth and heredity. Service at court; in the army; on diplo¬ 
matic missions; in Parliament. London appointments; 
various pensions. 

II. Works and Periods of Production. 

(1) The period of ‘^French influence.’’ Early poetry. The 

Book of the Duchess. 

(2) The period of ^‘Italian influence.” Troileus and Ores- 

sida, Parliament of Fowls, House of Fame, Legend of 
Good Women. 

(3) Chaucer’s “English period.” 

III. The Canterbury Tales. 

Framework, groups of tales, chronology, etc. 

IV. Sources of Chaucer’s Works. His learning in general. 

Use of French writers; of Italian; of Latin and Anglo-Norman 

writers. 


AGE OF CHAUCER. 


21 


V. Chaucer as a Versifier and Metrist. 

Technical skill. Introduction of new verse forms. Appearance 
of the heroic couplet; of the seven-line stanza (rime roval). 

VI. Characteristics of Chaucer’s Poetry. 

Leading qualities in his poetry. Limitations. 

VII. The Pseudo-Chaucerian Poems. 

Flower and the Leaf, Court of Love, Ciiclcoo and the Nightin¬ 
gale, Chaucer’s Dream, etc. 

VIII. Chaucer's Place and Influence in English Literature. 

On fifteenth century poetry; on Spenser, Scott, Morris, etc. 

REFERENCES 

Biographical 

Life, by J. W. Hales (Dictionary of National Biography ); by A. W. 
Ward (E. M. L. series, 1879); by W. Minto in Encyclopaedia Britannica; 
by Nicolas in the Aldine edition; by Lounsbury in Studies in Chaucer, 2 
vols., New York, 1892. 

Critical 

J. R. Lowell in My Study Windows, 1870. W. Minto in Characteristics 
of English Poets, 1872. T. H. Ward in English Poets, I. Taine, History 
of English Literature. Courthope, History of English Poetry, II. Ten 
Brink, History of English Literature, I. Morley, English Writers, V. 
Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, I. Jusserand, Literary History of 
the English People, I. The Cambridge History of English Literature, II, 
etc. 

T. Lounsbury, Studies in Chaucer, 2 vols.. New York, 1892. R. K. 
Root, The Poetry of Chaucer, Boston, 1906. F. J. Snell, The Age of Chau¬ 
cer, 1901. A. W. Pollard, A Primer of Chaucer, 1893. B. Ten Brink, The 
Language and Metre of Chaucer, trans. Smith, New York, 1901. 

For complete Chaucer bibliography till 1907, see E. P. Hammond, 
Chaucer, a Bibliographical Manual, New York, 1908. 

Texts 

W. W. Skeat, Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 7 vols., Oxford, 
1894; also Student’s edition, 1 vol., Oxford, 1895. A. W. Pollard, and 
others. Globe edition of Chaucer, New York, 1898. Brief school editions by 
Carpenter, 1872; Wyatt, 1895; Corson, 1896; Mather, 1898; Liddell, 1901; 
J. M. Manly, etc. 

Fiction and Drama 

Landor, Imaginary Conversations (between Chaucer, Boccaccio, and 
Petrarch). Percy Mackaye, The Canterbury Pilgrims, a Comedy, New 
York, 1903. 


22 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


LESSER WRITERS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 

I. Mandeville (about 1350). 

^^ature of the Voyages and Travels. Problems of authenticity. 
Mandeville’s prose. 

II. Wiclif (1324?-1384) and the Beginning of the Reformation. 
Latin treatises, sermons, English translation of the Bible. 
Wiclif as the “Father of English Prose.” 

III. Langland (1332?-1400?) and the Social Revolt. 

Aim of Piers Plowman. Allegory of the poem. Revival of 
alliterative verse. Contrast with Chaucer. Historical and 
literary importance of the poem. Problems of authorship. 

IV. Gower (1325?-1408) and the Tendency to Scholasticism. 

Vox Clamantis (Latin), Speculum Meditantis (French), Con- 

fessio Amantis (English). Contrast with Chaucer and Lang¬ 
land. 

V. Scotch Literature. 

Barbour (1316M395). 

See next outline. 

REFERENCES 

Ward, English Poets, I. Morley, English Writers, III, IV. Ten Brink, 
History of English Literature, I. Courthope, History of English Poetry, 
I. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, I. The Cambridge History of 
English Literature, II. 

Jusserand, Piers Plowman, A Contribution to the History of English 
Mysticism, New York, 1894. V. D. Scudder, Social Ideals in English 
Letters, Boston, 1898. J. M. Manly, articles on Piers Plowman in Modern 
Philology, 1906, 1909, 1910, etc. Baldwin, Famous Allegories, 1893. 

For Wiclif, see works by Poole (Epochs of Church History), Sergeant, 
Buddensieg, Le Bas, J. D. Matthew-Pennington, G. V. Lechler, etc. 

Texts 

Mandeville: Voiage and Travaile, ed. Halliwell, or Cassell’s edition 
(modernized). Wiclif: English Works, ed. T. Arnold, or in publications 
of the Early English Text Society. New Testament in English, ed. For- 
shall and Madden. Gower: Complete Works, ed. G. C. Macaulay, 4 vols., 
1899-01. Confessio Amantis, 1903. Piers Plowman, ed. W. W. Skeat, 1869, 
1888; trans. by Kate Warren, 1899; by Skeat, 1905. 

Selections in Bronson’s English Poets, I; the Chief Poets series, I; 
Manly’s English Poetry and English Prose; Craik’s English Prose, I, etc. 


POST-CHAUCERIAN PERIOD. 


23 


THE POST-CHAUCERIAN PERIOD—THE END OF THE MIDDLE 

AGES 

1400-1500 

Henry lY, 1399-1413; Henry Y, 1413-1422; Henry YI, 1422-1461; 

Edward lY, 1461-1483; Richard III, 1483-1485; Henry 
YII, 1485-1509. 

I. The Fifteenth Century. An Age of Arrest. 

Conditions favoring literary sterility: Religious intolerance. 
Repression of freedom of thought. Predominance of scholas¬ 
ticism. Decay of feudalism and chivalry. Long wars with 
France, and the (civil) Wars of the Roses (1455-85). Lan¬ 
guage changes. 

II. The English Successors of Chaucer. 

Lydgate (1370M450?) ; Occleve (1370M450?); Hawes (d. 
1523); Skelton (see next outline). 

III. Scotch Literature. 

[Barbour, 1316?-1395] ; James I {1394-1437) ; Robert Henry- 
son (1430M506?) ; William Dunbar (1465M530?) ; Gawain 
Douglas (1474-1522) ; [Sir David Lyndesay, 1490?-1555]. 

lY. Rise of Ballad Poetry. 

The ballad as a lyric type. Characteristics of the popular 
ballad. Problems of origin and transmission. 

Y. Prose. 

Reginald Pecock (1390M461). Caxton (1422M491) and the 
introduction of printing (about 1476). Malory. Literary 
significance of the Morte Darthur (1469-70). 

YI. The Drama (see later outlines). 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

J. R. Green, History of the English People, I, II. S. R. Gardiner, 
Student’s History of England. C. W. C. Oman, England and the Hundred 
Years' War, New York, 1898. Gairdner, The Houses of Lancaster and 
York, New York, 1874. Denton, England in the Fifteenth Century, Lon¬ 
don, 1888. A. S. Green, Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, London, 
1894. Traill, Social England, II, III. W. Blades, The Biography and 
Typography of Caxton, 2 vols., London, 1861-3. 


24 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Literary 

Ward, English Poets, I. Courthope, History of English Poetry, I, II. 
Ten Brink, History of English Literature, II, III. Morley, English 
Writers, VI, VII. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, I. Jusserand, 
Literary History of the English People, I. Gamhridge History of English 
Literature, II. 

F. J. Snell, The Age of Transition, 1905. Minto, Characteristics of 
English Poets, (1872). Jusserand, Romance of a King's Life (James I). 

O. Smeaton, Dunbar (Famous Scots series), 1898. G. Neilson, Bar¬ 
bour, Poet and Translator, 1900. J. Veitch, The Feeling for Nature in 
Scotch Poetry, 2 vols., 1887. J. F. Henderson, Scottish Vernacular Litera¬ 
ture, London, 1898. H. Walker, Three Centuries of Scotch Literature, 2 
vols., 1893. J. H. Millar, Literary History of Scotland, 1903. 

F. B. Gummere, The Popular Ballad, Boston, 1907. H. Beers, English 
Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century (ch. viii), 1898. G. Smith, The 
Transition Period (Periods of European Literature series), ch. vi. W. 
M. Hart, Ballad and Epic, 1907, etc. 

Texts 

A. W. Pollard, An English Garner. Fifteenth Century Prose and Verse, 
1903. Bronson’s English Poems, I. The Chief Poets series, II. Manly’s 
English Poetry and English Prose. Warren’s Treasury of English Litera¬ 
ture, etc. Lyrics in Oxford Book, of English Verse, etc. Ballads in Child’s 
English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 10 vols., 1882-98. Gummere, Old 
English Ballads, 1894. Kittredge an>i Sargent’s English and Scottish. 
Popular Ballads, Boston, 1904. Witham and Neilson’s Old English and 
Scottish Ballads, 1908; also many brief school editions. 

The King's Quair, ed. Skeat, 1884. Hawes, ed. Arber, 1884. Dunbar,' 
ed. Small, 1884-93; or J. Schipper, Vienna, 1891-94. Henryson, ed. G. G. 
Smith, 1906, 1908. Douglas, ed. Small, 1874. Lyndesay, ed. Laing, 1879. 

Malory’s Morte Darthur, editions by H. O. Sommer, 3 vols., London, 
1889-91; E. Strachey, New York, 1894; I. Gollancz, 4 vols., London, 1898. 
Selections by W. E. Mead, Boston, 1897, and in many brief school editions. 

Fiction and Drama 

Scott, The Fair Maid of Perth. Bulwer-Lytton, The Last of the Barojis. 
R. L. Stevenson, The Black Arrow. Mark Twain, The Prince and the 
Pauper. 

Shakespeare, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Richard III. 


EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


25 


THE MODERN PERIOD 

1500 onward 

THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY—THE BEGINNING OF THE 
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE 

1485-1558 

Henry VII, 1485-1509; Henry VIII, 1509-1547; Edward VI, 
1547 .1553; Mary, 1553-1558. 

I. Events and Conditions Favoring Literary Awakening. 
Introduction of printing. Capture of Constantinople by the 

Turks (1453) ; European revival of study of the classics. 
The growth of “Humanism.” Development of science. Dis¬ 
covery of the New World. 

II. Prose. The New Learning and the Beformation. 

Influence of Erasmus. The work of More (1480-1555) ; Tin- 

dale (1485?-1536) ; Latimer (1491-1555) ; Ascham (1515- 
1568). 

III. The New Poetry. 

(1) Characteristics: Decline of French influence. Rise of 

Italian influence. New motives and verse forms but 
narrow range. Entrance of the sonnet form. Entrance 
of blank verse. 

(2) The “courtly makers’’: Wyatt (1503-1542), and Surrey 

(1517M547). 

(3) Skelton (14607-1529). Anomalous character of his verse. 

IV. The Drama (see later outlines). 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

Bright, History of England, III. J. R. Green, History of the English 
People. Fronde, History of England. Seebohm, The Oxford Reformers, 
New York, 1896; also, The Era of the Protestant Revolution, New York, 
1895. B. O. Flower, The Century of Sir Thomas More, Boston, 1896. 
Traill, Social England, II, III. L. F. Field, Introduction to the Study of 
the Renaissance, London, 1899. L. Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in 
England, New fork, 1903. 


26 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Biographical 

More: Life, by Roper (printed 1626); Bridget!; J. C. Morison, etc. 
Ascham: See Quick, Educational Re-formers, New York, 1897, etc. 

Critical 

Ward, English Poets, I. Courthope, History of English Poetry, II. Ten 
Brink, History of English Literature, III. Morley, English Writers, VIII. 
Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, II. Jusserand, Literary History 
of the English People, II. Cambridge Histor-y of English Literature, III. 
Saintsbury, The Earlier Renaissance (Periods of European Literature 
series). 

W. Minto, Characteristics of English Poets (Wyatt and Surrey). 
Tomlinson, The Sonnet, Its Origin, Structure, etc., 1874. R. M. Alden, 
English Verse, 1903, etc. 

Texts 

Selections in Bronson’s English Poems, I; the Chief Poets series, IV; 
Manly’s English Poetry and English Prose; Warren’s Treasury of English 
Literature, Lyrics in the Oxford Book of English Verse, and in E. K. 
Chambers’ and F. Sedgewick’s Early English Lyrics, London, 1907. See, 
also. Carpenter’s English Lyric Poetry, 1500-1100, New York, 1897. 

Works of More, Ascham, Latimer, in Arber Reprints. Skelton’s poems, 
2 vols., ed. Dyce, 1843; also ed. Arber, 1887. Wyatt’s poems, Aldine edi¬ 
tion, or Sir Thomas Wyatt and His Poems, by W. E. Simonds, Boston, 
1889. Surrey’s poems, Aldine edition. TotteVs Miscellany in Arber Re¬ 
prints. 

L. Hunt and S. A. Lee, The Book of the Sonnet, 1867. Hall Caine, 
Sonnets of Three Centuries, London, 1882, etc. 

Drama 

Shakespeare, Henry VIII. Tennyson, Queen Mary. 


THE LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY—THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 

1558-1625 

Elizabeth, 1558-1603; James I, 1603-1625. 

I. Contemporary Conditions Favoring Creative Activity. 

(1) A period of national concentration. Peace at home, mili¬ 
tary success abroad. General political and commercial 
prosperity. Increase of wealth and luxury. Naval ad¬ 
venture and discovery. An age of conflicting faiths. 


LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


O 




Protestant, Roman, Puritan. Freedom of thought. Rise 
of the people. Changed attitude toward writers. 

(2) Many-sidedness of Elizabethan life—an age of imagina¬ 
tion and enthusiasm; of chivalrous ideals; of pageantry 
and display; of unrestrained and enthusiastic life. 

II. Elizabethan Prose. 

(1) Translations: Berner’s Froissart; Painter^s Palace of 

Pleasure (Italian Tales); North’s Plutarch; Florio’s 
Montaigne, etc. 

(2) Chroniclers: Holinshed, Raleigh. 

(3) Discoverers: Hakluyt. 

(4) Criticism: Sidney’s Apologie for Poetrie; Puttenham; 

Webbe; Gosse. 

(5) Romance: Sources in Italian and Spanish romance; Sid¬ 

ney’s Arcadia; Lyly’s Euphues. Beginning of picar¬ 
esque romance, Nash. 

(6) Reflective prose: Hooker’s Ecclesiastical Polity; Bacon’s 

Essays. 

III. Francis Bacon, 1561-1626. 

(1) Life, education, career. ’ Lord Chancellor and Baron Veru- 

1am, 1618. 

(2) Works: Essays (1597, 1625); Advamement of Learning 

(1605) ; Novum Organum (Latin) ; Neio Atlantis 
(1617?), etc. 

(3) Nature of the Essays. Their relation to Bacon’s other 

work. 

(4) Bacon’s style, compared with that of other Elizabethan 

prose writers. 

IV. Elizabethan Poetry. 

(1) Translations: Various translations of Vergil and Ovid; 

Harrington’s Ariosto; Fairfax’s Tasso; Chapman’s 
Homer, etc. 

(2) Elizabethan lyric poetry. This a lyrical age. Lyric 

kinds— [a) Pastoral: Shephet^d’s Calendar, etc. (h) 
Sonnets and sonnet sequences: Sidney, Spenser, Shake¬ 
speare, Drayton, Watson, Lodge, Constable, Daniel, 
(c) Songs, secular and religious. Songs from the drama¬ 
tists. (d) Odes, elegies, madrigals, canzoni, etc. (e) 
Elizabethan lyric anthologies, (f) Characteristics of 
the Elizabethan lyric. 


28 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


(3) Writers of minor lyrics: Breton, Campion, Drayton, 

Barnfield, etc. 

(4) Transitional: Donne, 1573-1631. (See later.) 

V. Spenser and the Faery Queen. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

Froude, History of England, VII-XII. J. R. Green, History of the 
English People, II. Bright, History of England, II. M. Creighton, The 
Age of Elizabeth, 1876 (Epochs of History). E. S. Beesly, Elizabeth 
(Twelve English Statesmen). W. Harrison, Elizabethan England, 1902. 
H. Hall, Society in the Elizabethan Age, 1886. H. T. Stephenson, The 
Elizabethan People, 1908. E. P. Cheyney, Social Changes in England in 
the Sixteenth Century as Reflected in Contemporary Literature (Univer¬ 
sity of Pennsylvania Publications). Traill, Social England, III. 

Biographical 

Sidney: Life, by J. A. Symonds (E. M. L. series, 1887); by Lord 
Brooke, 0652); by H. R. Fox Bourne, 1891; by P. Addleshaw, 1909, etc. 
Raleigh: Life, by Gosse; by Edwards; by de Selincourt, 1908, etc. 
Hooker: Life, by Walton, etc. Bacon: Life, by R. W. Church (E. M. L. 
series); by Nichol, 1888; by Spedding; by E. A. Abbott, 1885, etc. See, 
also, Sidney Lee’s Great Englishmen of the Age of Elizabeth, 1904. 

Critical 

Courthope, History of English Poetry, II. Jusserand, Literary History 
of the English People, II. Morley, English Writers, IX, X, XI. Garnett 
and Gosse, English Literature, II. Ward, English Poets, I. Cambridge 
History of English Literature, III, IV. 

G. Saintsbury, History of Elizabethan Literature, 1906. Seccombe and 
Allen, The Age of Elizabeth, 1903. E. P. Whipple, Literature of the Age 
of Elizabeth, 1871. Minto, Characteristics of English Poets, 1874. Pater, 
The Renaissance, 1877. 

J. Erskine, The Elizabethan Lyric, 1903. W. J. Thoms, Early English 
Prose Romances, 1910. F. M. Warren, History of the English Hovel Pre¬ 
vious to the Seventeenth Century, 1895. Jusserand, The English Hovel 
in the Time of Shakespeare, trans. E. Lee, 1890. F. E. Schelling, Poetic 
and Verse Criticism in the Age of Elizabeth, 1891. J. E. Spingarn, Liter¬ 
ary Criticism in the Renaissance, 1899. 

See, also, Macaulay’s essay on Bacon; Bowden’s on Hooker, in Puri¬ 
tan and Anglican, 1901; P. E. More, Shelburne Essays, II (Shakespeare’s 
Sonnets), 1904; P. H. Frye, Literary Reviews and Criticisms (Elizabethan 
Sonnets), 1908, etc. 

Texts 

Prose: Sidney, Puttenham, Gosse, Lyly, etc., in Arber Reprints. Sid¬ 
ney’s Arcadia, ed. Sommers; Apologie, ed. A. S. Cook, 1890. Hakluyt, ed. 
Oxford, 1907; or, in 12 vols.. New York, 1905. Hooker, ed. Keble (Mor¬ 
ley’s Universal Library); or ed. Church and Paget, Oxford. Bacon’s 
Complete Works, ed. Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, 15 vols.. New York, 1863; 
or ed. by Wright, 1865; by Reynolds, Abbott, etc. Essays in many school 
editions. 


LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


29 


Selections from Elizabethan prose in Manly, English Prose; Warren, 
Treasury of English Literature; Craik’s English Prose, II, etc. See, also, 
Elizabethan Critical Essays, ed. G. G. Smith, 2 vols., London. 

Poetry: Sidney Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets, 2 vols., 1906. M. F. Crowe, 
Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles, 3 vols., 1896-97. F. E. Schelling, Elizabethan 
Lyrics, 1895. A. H. Bullen, Lyrics from the Dramatists, 1889; Lyrics from 
Elizabethan Romances, 1890; also other collections. Carpenter, English 
Lyric Poetry, 1500-1700, 1897. Wyndham, The Poems of Shakespeare, 1898. 
E. K. Chambers, English Pastorals, 1906. 

Shakespeare’s Sonnets: editions by E. Dowden, London, 1881; T. 
Tyler, London, 1890; I. Gollancz, London, 1896; H. C. Beeching, Boston, 
1904; W. H. Hadow, Oxford, 1907, etc. 

Selections in Ward’s English Poets, I; Bronson’s English Poems, I; 
the Chief Poets series, IV; Warren’s Treasury of English Literature; 
Manly’s English Poems; Pancoast’s Standard English Poems; The Ox¬ 
ford Book of English Yerse, etc. 

Sidney: Complete Poems, ed. A. B. Grosart, 3 vols., London, 1877. See, 
also, editions of special poets in the Arber Reprints, the Muses’ Library, 
etc. 

Fiction and Drama 

Scott, Kenilworth, The Monastery, The Abbot; Kingsley, YVestivard Ho. 

Swinburne, Mary Stuart. 


SPENSER AND THE FAERY QUEEN 

I. Life of Spenser, 1552-1599. 

Birth, family, university life. Life in England; in Ireland. 
Spenser’s public life, etc. 

II. Leading Works. 

Shepherd’s Calendar, Faery Queen, Amoretti, Prothalainion, 
Epithalamion. Astrophel, etc. 

III. Formative Influences. 

(1) Classical interest; translations, classic myths, etc. 

(2) Italian influences: sonnets, amatory verses, etc. 

(3) Romantic interest: chivalric romances, allegory, prose 

tales and pastoral pieces, masques, pageants, etc. 

(4) Especially strong influence of the allegory and the pas¬ 

toral, which are the chief forms of earlier Elizabethan 
poeti\y. 

IV. Spenser’s Intention in the Faery Queen. 

Plan of the poem, as announced in the Introductory Letter. 


30 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


V. Manifold Aspect of the Allegory'in the Faery Queen. 

(1) Moral allegory. 

(2) Religious or spiritual. 

(3) Personal or political. 

VI. Versification and Stanza. 

Invention of new forms. The Spenserian stanza. 

VII. Spenser’s Language. 

Diction and style; archaisms; dialect forms; classicisms; gal¬ 
licisms. 

VIII. Sources of the Faery Queen—Spenser’s Learning. 

Debt to classical literature; to the Italian poets; to older 
English literature, etc. 

IX. Leading Characteristics of Spenser’s Poetry. 

Spenser as a narrative poet; as a descriptive poet, etc. His 
chief defects. 

X. Spenser’s Literary Influence. 

(1) On his contemporaries and immediate successors. 

(2) On eighteenth century poetry. 

(3) On nineteenth century- poets: Scott, Keats, Tennyson, etc. 

REFERENCES 

Biographical 

Life of Spenser, by R. W. Church (E. M. L. series), 1894; in Diction¬ 
ary of National Biography, etc. 

Critical 

Courthope, History of English Poetry, II. Morley, English Writers, X. 
Ward, English Poets, I. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, II. Cam¬ 
bridge History of English Literature, IV. 

Craik, Spenser and His Poems, 3 vols., London, 1843. Minto, Charac¬ 
teristics of English Poets. Essay by J. R. Lowell, in Among My Books; 
by W. Hazlitt in Lectures on the English Poets, 1818; by E. Dowden in 
Transcripts and Studies, 1888; by G. E. Woodberry, in The Torch, 1905; 
by A. de Vere in Essays, Chiefly on Poetry, 1887, etc. 

Texts 

Complete Works, ed. A. B. Grosart, 10 vols., 1882 ff.; also the Globe and 
the Aldine editions. See, also, Cambridge edition, ed. R. E. N. Dodge, 
Boston, 1909. The Faerie Queen, ed. J. C. Smith, 2 vols., Oxford, 1910. 
Also, Percival’s Faery Queen, Bk. I (1893); Kitchin’s Faery Queen, Bk. I, 
1892, and brief school editions by Shackford, 1905, Wauchope, 1903, etc. 


LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


31 


THE ELIZABETHAN DRAMA 

I. Rise and Formation of the English Drama 

I. Origin and Early Conditions of the English Drama. 

(1) Direct source liturgical. Beginnings in rudimentary dra¬ 

matic performances of the church. 

(2) Various secondary sources and influences. 

(3) Rise of dramatic representations in England after the 

Norman conquest. Rise of acting companies. 

II. Oldest Dramatic Compositions. 

(1) Miracle or Mystery plays. Transition to secular control. 

Presentation of plays. Characteristic features. Extant 
cycles. Popularity. 

(2) Morality plays. Lusty Juventus, Castell of Perseverance, 

Everyman^ etc. 

(3) Masques and Pageants. 

III. Transition to Regular Drama. 

(1) Rise of Comedy. Interludes: Hey wood’s Four PP, etc. 

The first comedies: Udall’s Ralph Roister Doister (be¬ 
fore 1553?); Gammar Gurton’s Needle (printed 1575), 
etc. 

(2) Rise of Tragedy. Chronicle or historical plays. Influence 

of Seneca. The first tragedies: Sackville and Norton’s 
Gorhoduc (acted 1562) ; Hughes’ The Misfortunes of 
Arthur (1587), etc. 

IV. The Elizabethan Theatre. 

(1) Principal theatres. Kinds of theatres. 

(2) Presentation of plays. Internal arrangements, etc. 

(3) Players, costumes, audiences. 

(4) Growing opposition to theatre by Puritans. 

REFERENCES 
Historical and Critical 

A. W. Ward, History of English Dramatic Literature, 3 vols., London, 
1875, 1899. E. K. Chambers, The Mediaeval Stage, 2 vols., Oxford, 1903. C. 
M. Gayley, The Plays of Our Forefathers, New York, 1907. K. L. Bates, The 
English Religious Drama, New York, 1892. W. E. Golden, The English 
Drama, New York, 1890. F. E. Schelling, The English Chronicle Play, 
New York, 1903. Karl Mantzius, History of Theatrical Art, vol. Ill, 
London, 1903-04. C. Hastings, The Theatre, Its Development in France 


32 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


and England, London, 1902. J. W. Cunliffe, The Influence of Seneca on 
Elizabethan Tragedy, London, 1893, The Cambridge History of English 
Literature, V, VI, etc. 

Texts and Illustrative Readings 

J. M. Manly, Specimens of the Pre-Shakespearean Drama, I, II, Boston, 
1897. A. W. Pollard, The Oldest English Miracle Plays, Oxford, 1895. 
L. T. Smith, The York Mystery Plays, Oxford, 1885. A. W. Pollard, The 
Towneley Mystery Plays, 1895 (B. E. T. S.). F. J. Purnivall, The Digby 
Mysteries, 1882, 1906. G. Matthews, The Coventry Mystery Plays, 1902 
(E. E. T. S.); also others in the same series (E. E. T. S.). A. Brandi, 
Quellen des Zeitliche^i Dramas vor Shakespeare. C. M. Gayley, Represent¬ 
ative Old English Comedies, New York, 1903. Dodsley-Hazlitt, Old Eng¬ 
lish Plays, 15 vols., London, 1874-76. Ralph Roister Doister in Arber 
Reprints series, etc. 

Selection in Bronson’s English Poems, II; the Chief Poets series. III, 
etc. 


II. The Predecessors of Shakespeare 

I. Causes Favoring the Preeminently Dramatic Character of Eliz¬ 

abethan Literature. 

(1) Appeal to larger public than the reading public of the 

sixteenth century. 

(2) Belated development of prose, especially fiction. 

(3) The drama alone remunerative. 

(4) Dramatic character of the times themselves. 

II. The Pre-Shakespearean Dramatists. 

(1) John Lyly, 1553-1606. Endi/inion, Alexander and Cam- 

paspe, etc. 

(2) George Peele, 15587-1598?. Arraicjnment of Paris, etc. 

(3) Robert Greene, 1560-1592. Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 

etc. 

(4) Thomas Kyd, 1557?-1595?. The Spatiish Tragedy, etc. 

(5) Nash, 1567-1601; Lodge, 1558M625, etc. 

III. Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593. 

(1) Life. Parentage. Education. Life in London. Death at 

twenty-nine. 

(2) Works. Tamherlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jeto of Malta, 

Fdward II. 


LATER SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


33 


(3) Structure of Marlowe’s plays; themes and style; general 

characteristics. 

(4) Greatness and limitations. Marlowe the real creator of 

English romantic tragedy and of English dramatic blank 
verse. 

REFERENCES 
Historical and Critical 

A. W. Ward, History of English Dramatic Literature, vol. II, London, 
1875. J. A. Symonds, Shakespeare's Predeeessors in the English Drama, 
London, 1881. P. E. Schelling, Elizabethan Drama, 1558-16Ji2, 2 vols., Bos¬ 
ton, 1908. F. G. Pleay, Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama, 2 vols., 
London, 1891; also. Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642, 
London, 1890. J. P. Collier, History of English Dramatic Poetry to the 
Time of Shakespeare, 3 vols., London, 1879. Karl Mantzius, History of 
Theatrical Art, vol. Ill, London, 1903-04. B. Matthews, The Development 
of the Drama, New York, 1903; The Study of the Drama, Boston, 1910. 
F. S. Boas, Shakespeare and His Predecessors in the English Drama, New 
York, 1896. J. C. Collins, The Predeeessors of Shakespeare, London, 1895. 
J. R. Lowell, The Old English Dramatists, 1892. W. Hazlitt, Lectures on 
the Dramatic Art of the Age of Elizabeth, London, 1889. A. H. Thorn¬ 
dike, Tragedy (Types of Literature series). Cambridge History of Eng¬ 
lish Literature, V, VI. 

Marlowe 

Works, ed. Dyce, 3 vols., 1850, 1884, or ed. C. P. T. Brooke, Oxford, 
1910. Also, editions by Bullen, 3 vols., London, 1888; by Ellis (Mermaid 
series), 1887, etc. 

Criticism: A. W. Verity, Marlowe's Influence on Shakespeare, 1886. 
Essay by Dowden, in Transcripts and Studies, 1887; by Henry Kingsley, 
in Fireside Studies, 1876; by J. R. Lowell, in The Old English Dramatists, 
1892; and by A. C. Swinburne in The Age of Shakespeare, 1908. 

Other Dramatists 

Greene: Life and Complete Works, ed. A. B. Grosart, 2 vols., 1881-86; 
ed. J. C. Collins, 1899; T. H. Dickinson (Mermaid series), 1909. Peele: 
ed. Bullen, 2 vols., 1888. Greene and Peele: ed. Dyce, 1828, 1886. Kyd: 
ed. F. Boas, Oxford, 1901. Lyly: ed. P^airholt, 2 vols., London, 1858, etc. 

Illustrative Collections 

Dodsley-Hazlitt, Old English Plays, 15 vols., London, 1874-76. A. W. 
Ward, Old English Plays, New York, 1892. C. M. Gayley, Representative 
Old English Comedies, New York, 1903. W. R. Thayer, The Best Old Eng¬ 
lish Plays, Boston, 1890. J. S. Keltic, Works of the British Dramatists, 
Edinburgh, 1870. C. Lamb, Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets, 
1808. J. M. Manly, Specimens of the Pre-Shakespearean Drama, II. 

Selections in Bronson’s English Poems, II; the Chief Poets series, 
III, etc. 


34 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


III. The Developed Drama 

I. Shakespeare, 15G4-161G. 

(1) Life. Materials for liis biography. Youth. Life in Lon¬ 

don. Return to Stratford. 

(2) Shakespeare the man. 

(3) Non-dramatic writings: Venus and Ado^iis, Lucreee, Son¬ 

nets. 

(4) Chronology and groupings of plays. Comedies, histories, 

tragedies, romances, fragments. 

(5) Leading characteristics as dramatist and poet. 

II. Ben Johnson, 1573 MG37. 

(1) Life. 

(2) Works. Masques and lyrics. Comedies. Tragedies. Prose. 

(3) Jonson the representative of the ^‘classical” school. Con¬ 

trast with Shakespeare. 

III. The Jacobean Dramatists. 

(1) Leading dramatists. Beaumont and Fletcher, Marston, 

Heywood, Dekker, Ford, Tourneur, Webster, Massinger, 
Shirley. 

(2) General characteristics of the Jacobean drama. Gloom 

and violence; straining for intensity; obtrusion of ele¬ 
ment of terror; moral deterioration; beginning of de¬ 
cadence. 


REFERENCES 

Shakespeare 

1. General 

G, W. Thornbury, Shakespeare's England. E. Goadby, The England of 
Shakespeare. Seccombe and Allen, The Age of Shakespeare (Handbooks 
of Literature series). W. Winter, Shakespeare's England, New York, 1892. 
S. Lee, Stratford on Avon, 1885. E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearean Grammar, 
1869. R. J. Cunliffe, A New Shakespeare Dictionary, New York, 1910. 

2. Biographical 

Sidney Lee, Life of Shakespeare, New York, 1898. W, Raleigh, Life of 
Shakespeare (E. M. L. series). C. W. Wallace, “New Shakespeare Dis¬ 
coveries,” Harper's Magazine, 1910, etc. 

3. Critical. 

E. Dowden, Shakespeare, His Mind and Art, London, 1880. G. P. 
Baker, The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist, New York, 1907. 
G. Brandes, Shakespeare, a Critical Study, 2 vols., London, 1898. R. G. 
Moulton, Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist, Oxford, 1889. T. Lounsbury, 
Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist, New York, 1901. A. S. Bradley, Shakes- 


EARLIER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


35 


pearean Tragedy, London, 1904. R. G. White, Studies in Shakespeare, 
London, 1885. H. N. Hudson, Shakespeare, His Life, Art, and Charac¬ 
ters, Boston, 1883. L. A, Sherman, What is Shakespeare?, New York, 1901. 
A. C. Swinburne, A Study of Shakespeare, London, 1880, etc. 

Essays by W. Hazlitt, J. R. Lowell, C. Lamb, R. W. Emerson, R. L. 
Stevenson, W. Bagehot, etc. 

4. Editions 

New Variorum edition of Shakespeare’s Plays, ed. H. H. Furness. Also, 
Globe edition, Cambridge edition, Oxford edition, the Temple Shakes¬ 
peare, etc. 

Jonson 

Life, by J. A. Symonds, 1888. Works, ed. Gifford, London, 1816; re-ed. 
Cunningham7 1897. Critical editions of many plays in Yale Studies in 
English; in the Mermaid series, etc. 

Criticism: A. C. Swinburne, A Study of Ben Jonson, London, 1889, etc. 

Jacobean Dramatists 

Editions: Beaumont and Fletcher, ed. Dyce, 1843-46, 1878. Variorum 
edition, A. H. Bullen, 3 vols., London, 1904. Webster, ed. Dyce, 1840, 
1885; also, Hazlitt, 1857. Tourneur, ed. J. C. Collins, 2 vols., London, 1878. 
Middleton, ed. A. H. Bullen, 1885-86. Ford, ed. Gifford, 1869. Shirley, ed. 
Dyce, 1833, etc. 

See, also, editions of many plays in the Mermaid series, the Belles 
Lettres series, the Temple Dramatists, the Swan Dramatists, etc. 

Criticism: W. Hazlitt, Dramatic Literature in the Age of Elizabeth, 
London, 1889. J. R. Lowell, Old English Dramatists, Boston, 1892. G. C. 
Macaulay, Francis Beaumont, London, 1883. A. C. Swinburne, The Age 
of Shakespeare (essays on Webster, Dekker, Marston, Hey wood, Tour¬ 
neur), 1908. 


THE EARLIER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY—THE CAROLAN AND 

PURITAN PERIOD 
1G25-1G()0 

Charles I, 1G25-48; Comiiionwealtli, 1G49-G0. 

The Age of Milton 
1. General Characteristics: 

An age of controversy and conflict; of religions excitement, 
and of social and political change. Establishment of ethical 
and religious reformation. Dominance of Puritanism. 


36 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Literary conditions: Break-up of old ideals; uncertainty, rest¬ 
lessness, and diversity; decline of romantic ardor. Serious¬ 
ness of mood, or reaction from this. Prose elaborate, intri¬ 
cate, pedantic. Poetry mannered, whimsical, uneven. One 
great poet and many gifted minor poets. Decline of the 
drama. 

TI. Contemporary Prose. 

(1) Historical. Clarendon (1609-1674), History of the Great 

Rehellion, 

(2) Philosophical. Hobbes (1588-1679), Leviathan. . 

(3) Humorous. Fuller (1608-1661), The Worthies of England. 

(4) Quaint and erudite. Burton (1577-1641), Anatomy of 

Melancholy. 

(5) Keflective. Browne (1605-1682), Religio Medici, Urn Bur¬ 

ial, etc. 

(6) Theological. Taylor {1%1^-WQl), Holy Living, Holy Dying, 

etc. 

(7) Pastoral. Walton (1593-1683), The Complete Angler. 

III. Contemporary Poetry. 

(1) Transitional from Elizabethan: Donne (1573-1631). The 

‘‘metaphysical” poet. His learning, mannerisms, orig¬ 
inality'. 

(2) The “Spenserians”: Giles and Phineas Fletcher. 

(3) Courtier or Cavalier lyrists: Drummond (1585-1649), 

Lovelace, Suckling, Carew, Wither. 

(4) Religious lyrists: Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, Quarles. 

(5) Herrick (1591-1674). The leading minor poet of the age. 

vSources and poetical masters. Favorite themes. View 
of life. Felicity in melody and expression. 

IV. Milton. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

Gardiner, Studenfs History of England; also, History of England, 
1603-1642; also. The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution, New 
York, 1876. Green, Short History. Bright, History of England, 11. Wake- 
ling, King and Parliament (Oxford Manuals of English History). Traill, 
Social England, IV. 

Biographical 

Taylor: Life, by R. Heber; by Gosse (E. M. L. series), 1904. Browne: 
Life, by Gosse (E. M. L. series), 1905. Donne: Life, by I. Walton (1640); 
also Life and Letters, by E. Gosse, 1899, etc. Herbert: Life, by I. 
Walton (1670); by G. H. Palmer, 1905, etc. 


EARLIER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


37 


General Literary 

Courthope, History of English Poetry, III. Ward, English Poets, II. 
Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, III. Cambridge History of Eng¬ 
lish Literature, VII. Craik, English Prose, II. Minto, Manual of English 
Prose. Saintsbury, Elizabethan Literature. H. J. C. Grierson, The First 
Half of the Seventeenth Century (Periods of European Literature series). 
E. Gosse, Seventeenth Century Studies, London, 1883; also. From Shakes¬ 
peare to Pope, New York, 1885. Masterman, The Age of Milton (Hand¬ 
books of English Literature), 1897. E. Dowden, Puritan and Angliean, 
New York, 1901. A. H. Upham, The French Influence on English Litera¬ 
ture till the Restoration, New York, 1910. 

Critical Essays 

Taylor: See Dowden, Puritan and Anglican; also, Hazlitt, Literature 
of the Age of Elizabeth. Browne: Dowden in Puritan and Anglican; L. 
Stephen, Hours in a Library, 1874, 1879; Pater in Appreciations. Walton: 
J. R. Lowell in Latest Literary Essays, 1891. 

Donne: See A. Jessopp, John Donne (English Religious Leaders series, 
Boston); also, essay in Dowden’s New Studies in Literature, 1895, and in 
Gosse’s Jacobean Poets, New York, 1894. M. E. Brumbaugh, A Study of 
the Poetry of John Donne (University of Pennsylvania Publications). 
Wither: See C. Lamb’s Miscellaneous Essays; also, Gosse’s Jacobean 

Poets. Herbert: Dowden in Puritan and Anglican. Vaughan: Dowden 
in Puritan and Anglican. Crashaw: Gosse in Seventeenth Century 
Studies. Herrick: Dowden in Puritan and Anglican; Gosse, Seventeenth 
Century Studies; A. C. Swinburne, Studies in Prose and Poetry, 1894, etc. 

Editions 

Taylor: ed. Bohn, Wentworth, etc. Browne: ed. Wilkin (Bohn); also 
special texts in Golden Treasury series, Camelot Library, Stott Library, 
etc. Hobbes: ed. Morley (Universal Library). Walton: ed. Lang (Cas¬ 
sell); Riverside Press (1909), etc. 

Donne: ed. E, K. Chambers, in Muses’ Library. Carew: in Muses’ 
Library. Lovelace, Suckling: ed. HaMitt, in Library of Old Authors. 
Wither: ed. Morley. Herbert: ed. Rhys; also, G. H. Palmer, Life and 
Works, 3 vols., Boston, 1905. Vaughan: ed. Beeching (Muses’ Library). 
Crashaw: ed. A. R. Waller, Cambridge; or A. B. Grosart. Herrick: ed. 
Grosart, 3 vols., London, 1876; E. Rhys, 1887; A. F. Pollard, 2 vols., 
(Muses’ Library), 1891; G. Saintsbury (Aldine). 

Illustrative Collections 

Bronson, English Poems, II. Chief Poets series, IV. Ward, English 
Poets, II. Manly, English Poems. F. I. Carpenter, English Lyric Poetry, 
1500-1700. Scott, Cavalier and Courtier Lyrics (Canterbury Poets.) E. 
Gosse, Jacobean Poets, New York, 1894. G. Saintsbury, The Minor Caro¬ 
line Poets, 1905-06. F. E. Schelling, A Book of Seventeenth Century 
Lyrics, Boston, 1899. 

Prose in Craik, English Prose, II; Garnett, English Prose; Pancoast, 
Standard English Prose; Manly, English Prose, etc. See, also, J. E. 
Spingarn, Critical Essays in the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols., 1907. 

Fiction and Drama 

Scott, Woodstock. Shorthouse, John Inglesant. Browning, Strafford. 


38 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


MILTON 

1608-1674 

I. Life and Periods of Literary Production. 

(1) 1608-1640. Education and youth. 

{a) Years at Cambridge. Early minor poems. Ode on 
the Morning of Christ’s Nativity. 

{!)) Life at Horton, 1632-38. UAllegro^ II PenserosOj 
Conius, Lycidas. 

(2) 1640-1660. Political activity. Latin Secretary of the 

Commonwealth. 

(a) Prose works: Pamphlets, Tractate on Education. 

Areopagitica, etc. 

(&) Prose style: Impassioned energy, directness, profu¬ 
sion of imagery. Partisan character of his work, 
violence of invective. Anglo-Latin diction and con 
struction. 

(c) Sonnets. 

(3) 1660-1674. Later years. Life in retirement in London. 

Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Ago- 
nistes. 

II. Characteristics of Milton’s Poetry. 

(1) The “Miltonic style.” 

{a) Technical perfection of Milton’s prosody; mastery of 
harmony. 

(b) Sustained majesty, elevation, sublimity, dignity and 

serenity, vastness, amplitude. 

(c) Milton’s conscious inspiration; intellectuality; pro¬ 

found erudition; breadth of allusiveness. 

{d) In Milton the Renaissance spirit and Puritanism 
blended. 

(2) Limitations. Milton’s range compared with Shakespeare’s. 
{a) Lack of humor. 

(b) Lack of the dramatic faculty. 

(c) Remoteness from real human life and from real famil¬ 

iarity with nature. 

REFERENCES 

Biographical 

Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Poets (1779-81). D. Masson, Life of Mil- 
ton, 8 vols., London, 1859-80. Mark Pattison (E. M. L. series) New York, 
1894. R. Garnett (Great Writers series), 1890. 


LATER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


39^ 


Critical 

Johnson in Lives of the Poets. Macaulay’s essay. J. R. Lowell in 
Latest Literary Essays. De Quincey’s essay. Matthew Arnold in Essays 
in Criticism, second series. Coleridge, Lectures on Shakespeare and Mil- 
ton. W. Raleigh, Milton, London, 1900. Courthope, History of English 
Poetry, III. Addison’s essay in the Spectator. E. Dowden in Puritan and 
Anglican, 1901. H. Corson, Introduction to Milton, New York, 1899. W. 
Bagehot in Literary Studies, I, London, 1879. Stopford Brooke, Milton, 
1898 (Primers of English Literature series). W. P. Trent, John Milton, 
New York, 1899. G. E. Woodberry in The Torch, 1905, and Great Writers, 
1907. M. Woodhull, The, Epic of Paradise Lost, New York and London, 
1907. R. Bridges, Milton’s Prosody, Oxford, 1901. L. E. Lockwood, Lexi¬ 
con to Milton's Poetical Works, New York, 1903. 

Editions 

Complete Works, ed. D. Masson, 3 vols., London, 1874; also Poems, 
Globe edition. New York, 1897. Cambridge edition, ed. W. V. Moody, 
Boston. Poetical Works, ed. J. Bradshaw, 2 vols., London, 1899; or ed. A. 
W. Verity, Cambridge. Paradise Lost, ed. J. A. Himes, New York, 1898; 
ed. A. W. Verity, Cambridge, 1900. 

Prose Works, ed. St. John (Bohn); ed. Morley (Universal Library) 
Areopagitica, ed. Hales, 1876; also, ed. Cassell, Cotterill, etc., and in 
Arber Reprints. 


THE LATER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY—THE RESTORATION 

1660-1700 

Charles II, 1660-85; James II, 1685-89; William and Mary, 1689- 

1702. 

The Age of Dryden 

I. General Characteristics. 

Period of reaction, social and political. Suppression of Puri¬ 
tanism. Changes of taste, manners, morals, ideals. Influence 
of French fashions. Rise of science. Foundation of Royal 
Society, etc. Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. 

Entrance of new temper and subject-matter in literature. 
Preference for satirical, argumentative, didactic, critical. 
Attention to form. Popularity of the heroic couplet. In¬ 
fluence of patronage on literature. 


40 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


II. The Drama of the Restoration. 

(1) Heroic drama. Orrery, Davenant, Dry den, Lee, Otway. 

(2) Comedy of manners. Tendency to realism. Etheredge, 

Wycherly, Congreve, Farquhar, Van Brugh. 

(3) Other comic writers. Shadwell, Crowne, Behn. 

III. Poetry. 

(1) Satire: Butler (1612-1680), Dry den. 

(2) Lyric poetry. 

{a) Relation to Cavalier lyric. Disappearance of sonnet. 
Change in poetic style. French influence. Narrow 
range. Preference for satire and “wit.” 

(&) Transitional: Waller (1605-1687), Cowley (1618 
1667), Denham (1615-1668). 

(c) Typical: Dryden, Rochester, Sedley, Prior. 

(3) John Dryden, 1631-1700. 

(a) Life and periods of production. 

(&) Dramatic work. The Wild Gallant, The Indian Em¬ 
peror, Aurengzehe, Conquest of Granada, etc. 

(c) Satire. Ahsolom and Achitophel, Mac Flecknoe, etc. 

(d) Didactic and argumentative verse. Hind and Pan¬ 

ther', Religio Laid. 

(e) Lyrics, Translation of Vergil, Miscellaneous Verse. 

{f) Characteristics of DrjMen’s poetry. 

IV. Prose. 

(1) Allegorical: Ponyan iund Pilgrim’s Pr'ogress. 

(2) Theological: Barrow, Tillotson. 

(3) Philosophical: Locke (1632-1704). 

(4) Diarists: Pepys (1632M703), Evelyn (1620-1706). 

(5) Dryden’s prose. Characteristics. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

Green, ^hort History, etc. Macaulay, History of England, I, II. O. 
Airy, The English Restoration and Louis XIV, New York, 1889. E. Hale, 
The Fall of the Stuarts, (Epochs of History series). Bright, History of 
England, III. Traill, Social England, IV, etc. 

Biographical 

Dryden: Life, by Saintsbury (E. M. L.), 1881. Bunyan: Life, by 
Froude (E. M. L.); by J. Brown, 1895; by Macaulay in Encyclopaedia 
Britannica; by W. H. White (Literary Lives); by Venables (Great Writ- 


LATER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


41 


ers series), 1888; by Tulloch in English Puritanism and its Leaders. 
Pepys: Life, by P. Lubbock (Literary Lives series), 1909; H. B. Wheatley, 
Samuel Pepys, New York, 1903, etc. 

General Literary 

Ward, English Poets, II. Courthope, History of English Poetry III, 
IV. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, III. Craik, English Prose, 
III. Cambridge History of English Literature, VIII. R. Garnett, The Age 
of Dryden (Handbooks of English Literature), 1895. B. Wendell, The 
Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature, New York, 
1902-03. E. Dowden, Puritan and Anglican, 1901. R, M. Alden, The Rise 
of Formal Satire in England under Classical Influences (University of 
Pennsylvania Publications). C. W. Previte-Orton, Political Satire in 
English Poetry, Cambridge, 1910. H. Morley, Character Writing in the 
Seventeenth Century, London, 1891. 

Critical Essays 

Dryden: See essay by Macaulay; Hazlitt, On Dryden and Pope; Lowell 
in Among My Books; M. Sherwood, Dryden's Dramatic Theory and Prac¬ 
tice, New York, 1898; J. C. Collins in Essays and Studies; P. H. Frye in 
Literary Reviews and Criticisms, New York, 1908. Bunyan: Essay by 
Macaulay; Dowden in Puritan and Anglican; J. Royce, Studies in Good 
and Evil, New York, 1898; Wendell, The Temper of the Seventeenth 
Century; G. E. Woodberry, Makers of Literature, New York, 1900. Pepys: 
R. L. Stevenson, Familiar Studies of Men and Books, 1882. 

Editions 

Otway: Plays, ed. R. Noel (Mermaid series). Wycherly: ed. W. C. 
Ward (Mermaid series). Congreve, ed. A. Ewald (Mermaid series). 

Dryden: Life and Works, ed. Saintsbury, 18 vols., London, 1889; 
Poetical Works, ed. W. D. Christie (Globe Poets), 1902; same, ed. Noyes 
(Cambridge Poets); Essays, ed. W. P. Ker, 2 vols., Oxford, 1900. Cow¬ 
ley: ed. A. R. Waller (Cambridge English Classics). Butler: Hudibras in 
Morley’s Universal Library; Poetical Works, ed. Johnson. 

Bunyan: Works, ed. Venables and Peacock; special texts in Golden 
Treasury series. Temple Classics, Riverside Literature series, Everyman’s 
Library, etc. 

Pepys: Diary, ed. H. B. Wheatley, 8 vols.. New York, 1903; ed. G. 
Smith (Globe), New York, 1905, etc. 

Illustrative Collections 

Selections in Ward’s English Poets, II; Bronson’s English Poems, III; 
Chief Poets series IV; Manly’s English Poetry: Pancoast’s .fi'tandard Eng¬ 
lish Poems, etc. Prose in Craik’s English Prose, II; Garnett’s English 
Prose; Pancoast’s Standard English Prose; Manly’s English Prose, etc. 

Fiction 

Scott, Peveril of the Peak, Old Mortality. Blackmore, Lorna Doone. 




42 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


THE EARLIER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY—THE AUGUSTAN OR 
CLASSIC AGE 
1700-1740 

Anne, 1702-1714; George I, 1714-1727; George II, 1727-1760. 

The Age of Pope 

I. General Characteristics. 

Development of party and parliamentary government. Party 
factions and controversy but increased spirit of toleration. 
Brilliant military triumphs under Marlborough. Rapid 
social development characterized by growth of comfort and 
refinement. Rise of clubs and coffee houses. Rise of a read¬ 
ing public. Theological discussion affected by materialism 
and skeptical thought. In literary conditions, highest mani¬ 
festations of the ^‘classical” spirit. Imitation of Latin writ¬ 
ers (Horace). French influence continued. Exaltation of 
form over matter. Dominance of the rhymed couplet. In¬ 
difference to older writers. 

An age of prose and satire, of measure and regularity. ‘^WiP^ 
the standard. 

II. Drama. 

(1) Tragedy: Addison. Minor tragic writers. 

(2) “GenteeF^ or sentimental comedy: Steele. 

(3) Operatic comedy: Gay. 

III. Poetry. 

(1) Alexander Pope, 1688-1744. 

(a) Life and personality. Early works. 

{!)) Mock heroic: The Rape of the Lock, 1714. 

(c) Essay on Criticism, 1711, Essay on Man, 1733. 

{d) Translation of Homer. 

(c) Satire: The Dunciad, 1728, 1742; the Epistle to Ar~ 
huthnot, 1735. 

(f) Pope’s versification. 

(g) Leading characteristics of his poetry. 

(2) James Thomson, 1700-1748. 

(a) His verse related to that of the next period. 

(h) The Reasons, 1726-1730; The Castle of Indolence, 1748. 

(3) Minor Poets. 

Addison, Prior, Gay, Parnell, etc. 


EARLIER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


43 


ly. Prose. 

(1) Satire: Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745. 

(a) Life and personality. 

{!)) Works: Battle of the Books^ Tale of a Tuh, GulliveBs 

Travels, etc. 

(c) Character of his satire. Prose style. 

(2) Journalism—Pamphleteering—Beginning of novel writing. 

(a) Daniel Defoe, 1661M731. 

Robinson Crusoe, 1719-20. 

(3) The Periodical Essay. 

(a) Definition of “essay.” Origin, kinds, desirable quali¬ 

ties, etc. 

(b) Elizabethan and Stuart essayists. 

(c) Rise of periodicals. The Tatler, 1709-1711; the Spec¬ 

tator, 1711-1714; the Guardian, 1713, etc. 

(4) Richard Steele, 1672-1729. 

(<?) Education and personality. 

(b) Works: plays, essays, etc. 

(c) Style. 

(5) Joseph Addison, 1672-1719. 

(a) Life and career. 

(b) Works; poetry, drama, essays, etc. 

(c) Prose style. 

(d) Influence of Addison and Steele on social morality 

and on literary taste. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 7 vols., 
1903. Bright, History of England, III. Macaulay, History of England, III, 
IV, V. J. R. Green, History of the English People, IV. W. C. Sydney, 
England and the English in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1892. Sir 
W. Besant, London in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1902. J. Ashton, 
Social Life in the Age of Queen Anne, 1882. G. Paston, Social Caricature 
in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1905. Traill, Social England, V. 

Biographical 

Pope: Life, by Johnson in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781); by L. 
Stephen (E. L. M. series); by W. J. Courthope, 1871; by A. W. Ward, 
1869. Swift: Life, by L. Stephen (E. M. L. series); by Craik, 2 vols., 
1882; by J. Forster, 1876; by W. Scott, 1814. Addison: Life, by Court- 
hope (E. M. L.), 1882; by Aiken. Steele: Life, by A. Dobson, 1886. De¬ 
foe: Life, by W. Minto (E. M. L. series); by W. Hazlitt, 1849; by W. Lee, 
1869; by W. Chadwick, 1859; by Wright, 1894; by Forster in Historical 
and Biographical Essays, 1858. 


44 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Critical 

Courthope, History of English Poetry, V. The Cambridge History of 
English Literature, IX. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, III. 
Ward, English Poets, II. E. Gosse, History of English Literature in the 
Eighteenth Century, 1889. T. S. Perry, History of English Literature in 
the Eighteenth Century, New York, 1883. L. Stephen, History of English 
Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols.. New York, 1881. Dennis, 
The Age of Pope (Handbooks of English Literature series). O. Elton, 
The Augustan Ages (Periods of European Literature series). Saints- 
bury, English Literature in the Eighteenth Century. Minto, Manual of 
English Prose. H. Williams, English Letters and Letter Writing in the 
Eighteenth Century. R. B. Johnson, Eighteenth Century Letters and 
Letter Writing, New York, 1898. M. Reynolds, Treatment of Nature in 
English Poetry between Pope and Wordsworth, Chicago, 1909. 

Essay on Pope, by Conington in Miscellaneous Writings, 1877; by 
Lowell in My Study Windows; by L. Stephen in Hours in a Library; by 
De Quincey. On Addison, by Macaulay. On Swift, by P. H. Frye in 
Literary Reviews and Criticisms, New York, 1905. See, also. Dean Swift, 
by J. C. Collins, 1895. 

Editions 

Pope: Complete Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope, 10 vols., 1871-89; 
Poetical Works, ed. A. W. Ward (Globe), 1869; Dennis (Aldine); H. W. 
Boynton (Cambridge Poets), etc, Thomson: ed. by D, C. Tovey; Rossetti 
(Aldine), etc. Defoe: Works, ed. Aitken, 16 vols.; Dent ed., 13 vols.; 
special texts in Golden Treasury series. Temple (Classics, etc. Swift: 
Works, ed. Scott, 12 vols. (Bohn). Addison: Works, ed. Greene, 6 vols. 
(Bohn). Selections from the Spectator in many special editions. 

Illustrative Collections 

Selections from eighteenth century poetry in Ward’s English Poets, 
II; Bronson’s English Poems, III; the Chief Poets series, V; Manly’s 
English Poetry, Pancoast’s Standard English Poems, the Oxford Book of 
English Terse, etc. 

Prose selections in Craik’s English Prose, IV; Garnett’a English Prose; 
Pancoast’s Standard English Prose; Manly’s English Prose, etc. 

Collateral Reading 

Thackeray’s Henry Esmond, and English Humorists. 


MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


45 


THE MID=EIGHTEENTH CENTURY—THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION 

1740-1780 

George II, 1727-60; George III, 1760-1820. 

The Age of Dr. Johnson 

I. Geoeral Characteristics. 

Political and industrial conditions. Changing standards. 
Growth of the new Methodist movement under Wesley and 
Whitefield. Latent radical tendencies, social, religious, liter¬ 
ary. Multiplication of books and magazines. Expansion of 
the Colonial Empire. , 

Literature less subservient to parties or patrons. Rise of his¬ 
tory, fiction, etc. Growth of journalism. Beginning of the 
Revival of Romanticism. 

II. Prose. 

(1) Political: Edmund Burke, 1729-1797. 

(2) Philosophical: Berkeley. 

(3) Economical: Bentham, Smith. 

(4) Historical: Hume, Robertson, Gibbon. 

4) Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784. 

(a) Life and personal traits. 

(b) Works: Lives of the Poets, Dictionary (1755), Ras- 

selus, verse. 

(c) Johnson the ‘diterary lawgiver” of the age, and 

champion of classicism. 

(d) Boswell’s Life of Johnson, 1791. 

III. The Development of the Modern Novel. 

(1) The terms “fiction,” “story,” “tale,” “romance,” “novel.” 

(2) Reasons for popularity. 

(3) Historical sketch: Romances, metrical and prose, of the 

eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Elizabethan 
and later fiction. 

(4) First period of modern fiction. 

{a) Richardson (1689-1761) and the novel of sentimental¬ 
ism and of psychological analysis. Pamela, Clarissa 
Harloice, Sir Charles (Lrandison. 

(1)) Fielding (1707-1754) and the novel of real life. 

Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones, Amelia. 

(c) Walpole and the “Gothic” school of mystery and ter 
ror. The Castle of Otranto (1764). 


46 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


{d) Other writers of fiction. 

Smollett (1721-1771) and the picaresque novel. 

Peregrine Pickle^ Roderick Random. 

Sterne (1713-1768). Sentimental character sketches. 

Tristram Shandy, and the Sentimental Journey. 
Goldsmith (1728-1774). The novel of domestic life. 

The Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Frances Burney (Madam d’Arblay). The novel of 
society. Evelina, Cecilia. 

IV. Literary Revivals and Pseudo-Antiques of the Period. 

(1) Macpherson’s Ossian (1762-63). 

(2) Chatterton and the Rowley Poems (1764-70). 

(3) Walpole’s of Otranto (1764). 

(4) Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), and 

its influence. 

(5) Revival of interest in Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, 

Milton. 

V. The Transitional Poets. 

(1) Characteristics of the poetry of the period. Continued 

influence of the Augustan age on form, diction, and 
thought. Beginning of new feeling for nature, of human¬ 
itarian interest, etc. Quickening of the imagination. 

(2) Leading transitional poets. 

Young (1681-1785), Collins (1721-1759), Gray (1716- 
1771), Goldsmith (1728-1774), Crabbe (1754-1832). 

(3) Cowper, 1731-1800. 

(4) Minor poets of the period. 

Blair, Shenstone, Akenside, etc. 

VI. The Drama. 

(1) Farce: Garrick, 1716-1799. 

(2) Revival of the Comedy of Manners. 

Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer. Sheridan (1751- 
1816), The Rivals, The School for Scandal. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

W. E, H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century. Bright, 
History of England, III. H. de B. Gibbin, Industry in England, New 
York, 1897. G. T. Warner, Landmarks in English Industrial History. New 
York, 1899. Sir W. Besant, London in the Eighteenth Century, London, 
1902. Traill, Social England, V. 


MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


47 


Biographical 

Johnson: Boswell’s Life, ed. A. Birrell (Everyman’s Library); ed. 
Morris (Globe); ed. R. Ingpen, 2 vols., 1910; also, Life, by F. (irant 
(Great Writers series), and by L. Stephen (E. M. L. series). Gibbon: 
Life, by J. C. Morison (E. M. L. series). Burke: Life, by Morley (E. M. 
L.). Richardson: Life, by C. L. Thompson; by A. Dobson. Fielding: 
Life, by A. Dobson (E. M. L.). Sterne: Life and Times, by W. L. Cross; 
by H. D. Traill (E. M. L.). Smollett: Life, by O. Smeaton; by D. Han- 
nay (Great Writers series). Goldsmith: Life, by Forster, 1848; by Irv¬ 
ing, 1849; by Black (E. M. L.) 1879; by A. Dobson (Great Writers), 1888. 
Gray: Life, by Gosse (E. M. L.), 1882; by Johnson in Lives of the 
Poets (1779-81). Crabbe: Life, by Kebbel (Great Writers), 1889; by 
Ainger (E. M. L.). Cowper: Life, by G. Smith (E. M. L.), 1880. 

General Literary 

Courthope, History of English Poetry, V. Cambridge History of Eng¬ 
lish Literature, X, XI. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, III. Ward, 
English Poets, III. T. Seccombe, The Age of Dr. Johnson, 1901. J. H. 
Millar, The Mid-Eighteenth Century (Periods of European Literature 
series). E. Gosse, Eighteenth Century Literature, 1889. L. Stephen, His¬ 
tory of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 1876. W. L. Phelps, 
Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement, Boston. 1893. Beers, 
English Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century, 1899. A. Nutt, Ossian 
and Ossianic Literature, London, 1900. R. B. Johnson, Eighteenth Century 
Letters and Letter Writing, New York, 1898. 

Critical Essays 

Johnson: Essay, by Carlyle; by Macaulay; by L. Stephen, Hours in 
a Library. Richardson: L. Stephen, Hours in a Library; H. D. Traill, 
Hew Fiction and Other Essays. Fielding: J. R. Lowell, Democracy and 
Other Essays; G. B. Smith, Poets and Novelists; L. Stephen, Hours in a 
Library. Gibbon: W. Bagehot, Literary Studies and Essays; F. Harri¬ 
son, Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill and Other Essays. Sterne: More, Shelburne 
Essays. Goldsmith: Macaulay, Miscellaneous Essays; Thackeray in 
English Humorists. Collins: Essay, by Nadal. Crabbe: More, Shelburne 
Essays, II; Woodberry, Makers of Literature; L. Stephen, Hours in a 
Library; G. Saintsbury, Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860. Cowper: 
L. Stephen, Hours in a Library; W. Bagehot, Literary Studies; Wood- 
berry, The Makers of Literature. 

The Novel 

W. A. Raleigh, The English Novel, 1894. W. L. Cross, The Develop¬ 
ment of the English Novel, New York, 1899. Sidney Lanier, The English 
Novel, 1883. Dunlop, History of English Prose Fiction (Bohn). Bliss 
Perry, A Study of Prose Fiction, Boston,^ 1902. S. L. Whitcomb, The 
Study of the Novel, Boston, 1905. R. Burton, Masters of the English 
Novel, New York, 1909. F. W. Chandler, The Literature of Roguery 
(Types of Literature series). W. E. Simonds, Introduction to English 
Prose Fiction, Boston, 1894. Tuckerman, History of English Prose Fic¬ 
tion, 1882. M. P. Conant, The Oriental Tale in England in the Eigh¬ 
teenth Century, New York, 1908. C. H. Whitmore, Woman's Work in 
English Fiction, New York, 1910. R. H. Stoddard, The Evolution of the 
English Novel, New York, 1900. D. Masson, English Novelists and their 
Styles, 1889. 


48 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Editions and Selections 

Johnson: Bohn edition, London, 8 vols.; ed. Hill in Clarendon Press 
series. Richardson: ed. E. M. McKenna, 20 vols.; ed. L. Stephen, Lon¬ 
don, 1883. Fielding: ed. Saintsbury (Dent).- Smollett: ed. Saintsbury 
(Dent). Sterne: ed. Saintsbury (Dent). Young: Aldine edition. Gold¬ 
smith: Works, ed. Aikin and Tuckerman, Boston; ed. D. Masson (Globe), 
1893; A. Dobson (Dent). Gray: ed. Gosse (Globe). Goldsmith’s Deserted 
Village and Gray’s Elegy, ed. L. Pound, Boston, 1910. Collins: Aldine 
edition. Crabbe: ed. A. W. Ward, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1905. Macpherson’s 
Ossian in Canterbury Poets. 

Selections in Ward’s English Poets, II; Bronson’s English Poems, III; 
the Chief Poets series, V; Manly’s English Poems; Pancoast’s Standard 
English Poems. Lyrics in the Oxford Book of English Verse, etc. 

Prose in Craik’s English Prose, IV; Garnett’s English Prose; Pan¬ 
coast’s Standard English Prose; Manly’s English Prose, etc. 


THE PERIOD OF MODERN ROMANTICISM 
1780-1832 

George III, 1760-1820; George IV, 1820-1830; William IV, 1830- 

1837. 

I. Characteristics. 

I'olitical: Revolutionary enthusiasm. A period of ideas and 
initiative. Influence of the French Revolution. Agitation 
for popular liberty. Transfer of power to the middle classes. 
Increase in popular education. 

Literary; A great creative period for poetry. The new Roman¬ 
ticism. New spiritual and philosophical conceptions. In¬ 
fluence of German thought and literature. Influence of 
French thought and literature. Progress of literary criti¬ 
cism. Changes in taste. 

II. Prose. 

(1) Development of literary criticism : Coleridge, Hazlitt, etc. 

(2) Fiction. 

{a) Sensational romance. School of mystery and (terror. 

Anne Radcliffe, Matthew Lewis, William Godwin. 
(h) Scott (1771-1832) and the historical romance. 

(c) Jane Austen (1775-1817) and the novel of manners. 


PERIOD OF MODERN ROMANTICISM. 


49 


(3) Essayists. 

(«) Charles Lamb, 1775-1834. Nature of his subjects; his 
humor; his observation of life; his style. 

(b) Thomas De Quincey, 1785-1859. Character of his 

work. Analytic faculty and erudition. De Quincey 
as a stylist. 

(c) Other essayists. Landor, Smith, Jeffrey, Hazlitt, Hunt. 

(d) The new reviews. Edinhurgh, 1802; Quarterly, 1808; 

Blackwood’s, 1817; Westmimter, 1824. 

III. Poetry. 

(1) Period of great lyrical and narrative poetry. Reaction 

from the dominant poetry of the classical period. 
Changes helped by the French Revolution and the ideas 
of Rousseau and Voltaire on the rights of man, the 
freeing of the individual from conventional bonds, the 
return to nature, etc. 

(2) Characteristics of the new poetry. 

(g) Predominance of the subjective mood. 

(b) Return of wonder and enthusiasm. 

(c) Heightened sensibility and imagination. 

(d) New feeling for wild nature. 

(e) Part return to the mediaeval and romantic; interest 

in the romantic past. 

(f) Entrance of the revolt idea. 

(g) New sense of brotherhood and of humanity. 

(3) The Heralds. 

(a) Robert Burns (1759-1796), the poet of lyric passion 

and song. Predecessors: Ramsay, Ferguson, and 
the Scotch ballads. Connection between his life 
and his poetry. Characteristics. 

(b) William Blake (1757-1821) the poet, artist, and 

mystic. 

(4) Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832. 

Equipment. Enthusiasm for romantic history and legend. 
Verse romances and lyrics. Leading characteristics of 
his poetry. 

(5) The '‘Lake School.’' 

(g) William Wordsworth, 1770-1850. 

Themes and leading ideas. Theories of poetry. His 
two manners. His influence on succeeding poetry. 


4 


50 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


(h) Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834. 

Formative influences. Complementary relation of 
' Wordsworth and Coleridge in the Lyrical Ballads, 

1798. Limitations of his poetical material. His 
prosody. 

(e) Robert Southey, 1774-1843. 

(G) The Younger Group. 

(«) Lord Byron, 1788-1824. 

Life and periods of production. Great range and 
versatility. Themes and dominant notes. Diction 
and versiflcatiou. Place and influence, in England 
and on the continent. 

(h) John Keats, 1795-1821. 

His conception of poetry. Nature of his themes; of 
his ijoetic expression. His immense promise. 

(c) Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822. 

Interrelation of his life and his poetry. Idealism. 
Lyrical quality of his verse. Its unreality and 
intangibility. 

(7) Lesser poets of the period. 

Moore, Campbell, Hunt, Rogers, Landor (1775-1864). 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

McCarthy, History of Our Oion Times, I. Bright, History of England, 
IV. Rose, Rise and Growth of Democracy in Britain. C. W. C. Oman, 
England in the Nineteenth Century. J. R. Green, Short History of the 
English People. S. R. Gardiner, Student's History of England. Traill, 
Social England, VI. 

General Literary 

Ward, English Poets, IV. Courthope, History of English Poetry, V. 
Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, IV. Cambridge History of Eng¬ 
lish Literature, XII. M. O. W. Oliphant, Literary History of England in 
the End of the Eighteenth and Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, 2 
vols., London, 1892, H. Beers, English Romanticism in the Eighteenth 
Century, New York 1899; also, English Romanticism in the Nineteenth 
Century, New York, 1901. G. Brandes, Main Currents of Nineteenth 
Century Literature, IV, 1872-76. J. C. Shairp, The Poetic Interpretation 
of Nature, Edinburgh, 1877. W. J. Courthope, The Liberal Movement in 
English Poetry, London, 1885. C, H. Herford, The Age of Wordsworth, 
London, 1897. C. E. Vaughan, The Romantic Revolt, and T. S. Omond, 
The Romantic Triumph (Periods of European Literature series). A. 
Symons, The Romantic Movement in English Poetry, New York, 1909. S. 
A. Brooke, The English Poets, Blake to Tennyson, New York, 1894. E. 
Gosse, History of Modern English Literature, 1897. Saintsbury, Essays 
in English Literature, 1780-1860, New York, 1890. W. G. Minto, Litera- 


PERIOD OF MODERN ROMANTICISM. 


51 


ture of the Georgian Era, Edinburgh, 1894. V. D. Scudder, Life of the 
Spirit in Modern English Poetry, 1896, Devey, Comparative Estimate of 
Modern English Poets, 1873. W. M. Payne, The Greater British Poets of 
the Nineteenth Century, 1908. H. J. Dawson, The Makers of Modern Eng¬ 
lish, New York, 1890. E. Dowden, The French Revolution and English 
Literature, New York, 1897; also. Studies in Literature. 1789-1877, 
New York, 1899. A. E. Hancock, The French Revolution and the English 
Poets, New York, 1899. H. D. Rawnsley, Literary Associations of the 
English Lakes, 2 vols., Glasgow, 1894. T. S. Omond, English Metrists in 
the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, London, 1907. 


Biographical 

1. Poets 

Burns: Life, by J. C. Shairp (E. M. L.), 1879; by J. S. Blackie (Great 
Writers), 1888. 

Blake: Life, by A. Gilchrist, London, 1863; by A. T. Story, London, 
1893. The Letters of William Blake, with his life, by A. G. B. Russell, 
New York, 1908. 

Wordsworth: Life, by W. Knight, 3 vols., London, 1884; by F. W. 
Myers (E. M. L.), 1881. 

Coleridge: Life, by H. D. Traill (E. M. L.), 1884; by T. H. Caine (Great 
Writers), 1887; Letters, ed. E. H. Coleridge, 2 vols., London, 1895. 

Southey: Life, by E. Dowden (E. M. L.), 1895. 

Scott: Memoirs, by J. G. Lockhart, 7 vols., London, 1893; Life, by R. 
R. Hutton (E. M. L.), 1895; by C. D. Yonge (Great Writers), 1888. 

Byron: Life, by J. Nichol (E. M. L.), 1880; by R. Noel (Great Writers 
series), 1890; The Real Lord Byron, J. C. Jeaffreson; Trelawney’s Recol¬ 
lections of Shelley and Byron, etc. 

Keats: Life, by S. Colvin (E. M. L.), 1890; by W. M. Rossetti (Great 
Writers); by A. E. Hancock, Boston, 1908. Letters, ed. by S. Colvin, New 
York, 1891. 

Shelley: Life, by E. Dowden, 2 vols., London, 1887; by J. A. Symonds 
(E. M. L.); by W. Sharp (Great Writers), 1887. A. Clutton-Brock, Shelley, 
London, 1909. 

Landor: Life, by J. Foster, 1868; by S. Colvin (E. M. L.), 1895. 

2. Essayists and Novelists 

Lamb: Life, by E. V. Lucas, 2 vols.; Letters, ed. by A. Ainger, 2 vols., 
London, 1888. Life, by A. Ainger (E. M. L.). 

De Quincey: Life, by H. A. Page, 2 vols., London, 1877; by D. Masson 
(E. M. L.). 

Hazlitt: Life, by A. Birrell (E. M. L.), 1902. 

Jane Austen: Life, by H. C. Beeching (E. M. L.); by G. Smith (Great 
Writers series). 

Critical Studies and Essays 

1. Poets. 

Burns: Essay, by Carlyle; by R. L. Stevenson in Familiar Studies of 
Men and Books, 1882; by W. Hazlitt in Lectures on the English Poets, 
1818. 

Blake: E. J. Ellis, The Real Blake, 1907; E. L. Cary, The Art of Wil¬ 
liam Blake, 1907; A. C. Swinburne, William Blake, a Critical Study, 1906; 
B. de Selincourt, M'illiam Blake, New York, 1908. 


52 


PERIODS OP ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Wordsworth: Essay, by Arnold, in Essays in Criticism, second series; 
by Stephen in Hours in a Li'brary; by Morley in Studies in Literature; 
by R. H. Hutton in Literary Essays; by Pater in Appreciations; by Wood- 
berry in Studies in Letters; Bagehot, Literary Studies, II; Shairp, in 
Studies in Poetry, etc. 

Coleridge: Essay, by Pater in Appreeiations; by J. R. Lowell; by A. 
C. Swinburne in Essays and Studies; by R. Garnett, Essays of an Ex- 
Wbrarian; Dowden, New Studies in Literature; Woodberry, Makers of Lit¬ 
erature; Birrell in Obiter Dicta; Shairp, Studies in Poetry and Philos¬ 
ophy, etc. 

Scott: Shairp, Aspects of Poetry; Ruskin, Fors Clavigera; Stephen, 
Hours in a Library; Swinburne, Studies in Prose and Poetry; Carlyle, 
Miscellaneous Essays; Woodberry, Great Writers, 1907. 

Byron: Arnold, Essays in Criticism; Morley, Miscellanies; Swinburne, 
Essays and Studies; Trent, The Authority of Critieism; Woodberry, 
Makers of Literature; Hutton, Essays in Literary Criticism; Macaulay 
in Essays. 

Shelley: Bagehot, Literary Studies; Gosse, Questions at Issue; D. 
Masson, Wor^Zs^^or^7^, Shelley, Keats and Other Essays; Shairp, Aspects 
of Poetry; Stephen, Hours in a Library, HI; Trent, The Authority of 
Criticism; Woodberry, Makers of Literature; Arnold, Essays in Criticism; 
Noel, Essays on Poetry and Poets; R. H. Hutton, Essays, II; E. Dowden, 
Transcripts and Studies; Francis Thompson, Shelley, Boston, 1909. 

Keats: Arnold, Essays in Criticism, second series; Dowden, Studies in 
Literature; Lowell, in Among My Books; Masson, Wordsworth, Shelley, 
Keats and Other Essays; Swinburne, Miseellanies; Woodberry, Studies in 
Letters and Life; Hudson, Studies in Interpretation. 

Landor: Dowden, Studies in Literature; Stedman, Victorian Poets; 
Woodberry, Studies in Letters and Life; Swinburne, Miseellanies; A. De 
Vere, Essays, Chiefly on Poetry; Stephen, Hours in a Library, II. 

2. Essayists and Novelists 

Lamb: De Quincey in Biographical Essays; A. Birrell in Obiter Dicta; 
Pater, in Appreciations; Woodberry, Makers of Literature; F. Harrison, 
Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill and Other Essays; P. Fitzgerald, Lamb, His 
Friends, His Haunts, and His Books; More, Shelburne Essays. 

De Quincey: Stephen, Hours in a Library, I; Masson, Wordsworth and 
Other Essays; Saintsbury, Essays in English Literature; S. Hodgson, 
Outcast Essays; L. Cooper, Prose Poetry of Thomas De Quincey. 

Jane Austen: Pollock, Jane Austen; Pellew, The Novels of Jane Aus¬ 
ten; Tytler, Jane Austen and Her Works; T. W. Reid, Jane Austen, a 
Monograph; A. A. Jack, Essay on the Novel; W. D. Howells, in Heroines 
of Fiction. 

Scott: See references above. 


Editions and Selections 

1. Poetry 

Burns: ed. W. E. Henley and T. F. Henderson, 4 vols., Edinburgh, 
1896. Complete Works, ed. A. Smith (Globe), 1896; H. E. Scudder (Cam¬ 
bridge), Boston, 1897, etc. 

Blake: ed. W. M. Rossetti, Boston, 1875; ed. W. B. Yeats and E. J. 
Ellis (Muses’ Library), London, 1893; ed. J. Skipsey in Canterbury Poets, 
London, 1885; also, Aldine edition, etc. 


VICTORIAN PERIOD. 


53 


Wordsworth: ed. W. Knight, 8 vols., New York, 1889; J. Morley 
(Globe), 1889; E. Dowden (Aldine), 7 vols., London, 1893. Prose, ed. A. 
B. Grosart, 3 vols. 

Coleridge: Poems, ed. Campbell, 4 vols., London, 1893; also Globe ed.. 
New York, 1903. 

Scott: ed. F. T. Palgrave (Globe), Neyv York, 1902; H. E. Scudder 
(Cambridge), Boston, 1900. 

Byron: Complete Works, ed. E. H. Coleridge and R. E. Prothero, 12 
vols., New York, 1900 ff.; P. E. More (Cambridge), Boston, etc. 

Shelley: ed. H. B. Forman, 8 vols., London, 1880; G. E. Woodberry, 4 
vols., Boston, 1892; also, ed. Dowden (Globe), New York, 1901; Wood- 
berry, 1 vol. (Cambridge), 1901, etc. 

Keats: ed. H. B. Forman, 4 vols., London, 1890; Bridges and Drury 
(Muses’ Library), New York; W. S. Scott (Globe), New York, 1903; H. 
E. Scudder (Cambridge), Boston, 1899. 

Landor: ed. Forster, 8 vols., London, 1876; ed. Crump, London, 1897. 

2. Prose 

Lamb: Works, ed. A. Ainger, 6 vols., London, 1884. Published in one 
volume by Moxen, and in Cbandos Classics edition. Many special editions 
of Essays of Elia. 

Hazlitt: Collected Works, ed. by A. R. Waller and A. Glover, London. 

De Quincey: Works, ed. D. Masson, 14 vols., Edinburgh, 1889-91. 
Works, ed. Henley, 12 vols., London, 1902. 

Landor: ed. H. Ellis, 3 vols., London, 1887-89. 

Jane Austen: Works, 10 vols.. New York, 1899. 

Scott: Waverley Novels, 25 vols.. New York, 1902, etc. 

3. Illustrative Collections 

Selections in Ward, English Poets, IV; Bronson, English Poets, IV; 
Page’s British Poets of the Nineteenth Century; Manly, English Poetry, 
1110-1892, etc. Lyrics in Palgrave’s Golden Treasury, second series; in 
Oxford Book, of English Verse, etc. 

Prose in Craik’s English Prose, V; in Garnett’s English Prose; Pan- 
coast’s Standard English Prose; Manly’s English Prose, 1131-1890, etc. 


THE VICTORIAN PERIOD 

1837 - 1901 . 

‘I. General Characteristics. 

This period social, scientific, philosophical. Variety of the new 
literature: poetry, biography, criticism, history. Dominance 
of ethical purpose. Importance of newspapers; of maga¬ 
zines. Importance of the novel; the novel to the nineteenth 
what the drama was to the sixteenth century. 


54 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


II. Literary subdivisions: 

(1) The Early Victorian period, 1837-1852. A period of doubt, 

skepticism and conflict. 

(2) The Later Victorian period, 1852-1901. A period of har¬ 

monizing, confidence, and reconstruction. 

III. Leading influences at work. 

(1) The democratic movement. The Reform Bills, extension of 

the franchise, etc. Expression of this movement in 
Carlyle, Dickens, Eliot, Tennyson, etc. 

(2) The industrial movement. New conquest of material 

forces. Use of steam and electricity, invention of ma¬ 
chinery, improved agriculture, etc. 

(3) New scientific theory. The theory of evolution. New 

spirit of reason and inquiry. Darwin, Huxley, Spencer. 
Effect on all departments of thought. 

(4) Education. Growth of popular education and culture. 

Increase of reading public. Matthew Arnold. 

(5) Development of woman. 

Increased privileges. Admission to education. New in¬ 
fluence on literature. 0. Bronte, George Eliot, Mrs, 
Browning, etc. 

(6) The social movement. Growth of hunianitarianism. Fac¬ 

tory acts, new interest in social problems. Social un¬ 
rest. Dickens, Kingsley, Ruskin, Morris. 

(7) The religious movement. Religious unrest of the early 

period. Conflict of democracy, liberalism, science, with 
formalism and tradition. 

(a) The Oxford movement: Keble, Newman. 

(h) The Broad Church party: Maurice, Kingsley. 

(c) The critical party: Carlyle, Clough, Arnold. 

(8) The aesthetic movement. Foundation of English art criti¬ 

cism. The Pre-Raphaelite movement. The revival of 
decorative art. Ruskin, Rossetti, Morris. 

(9) Growth of the colonial Empire. 

Kipling. 

IV. Leading poets of the period. 

(1) Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892. 

Tennyson as representative Victorian. His work in rela¬ 
tion to contemporary movements. His stand for com¬ 
promise and harmony. Tennyson as artist. 


VICTORIAN PERIOD. 


55 


(2) Robert Browning, 1812-1889. 

His special province as a poet. Characteristic method and 
style. Range and cosmopolitanism. Influence. 

(3) Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1809-1861. 

Leading works. Reflection of life and issues about her. 
Speculative freedom. Imperfections of technique. 

(4) Arthur Hugh Clough, 1819-1861. 

Formative influences. Leading poems. Relation to intel¬ 
lectual movements of age. Sense of moral responsibility. 

(5) Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888. 

Theories of poetry. Attitude toward problems of age. 
Narrative pieces. Elegiac verse. 

(6) Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1828-1882. 

Life and personality. His dual genius. Italian and ^Tre- 
Raphaelite’’ influence on his poetry. 

(7) AVilliam Morris, 1834-1896. 

Variety of his activities and interests. Reaction toward 
mediaevalism and romance. Morris as narrative poet. 

(8) Algernon Charles Swinburne, 1837-1909. 

Themes and dominant notes. Brilliant faculty of expres¬ 
sion. Ease and originality of technique. Want of popu¬ 
larity. 

V. Historians. 

Macaulay, Grote, Milman, Buckle, Froude, Gardiner, Green, 
Freeman. 

VI. Essayists and Critics. 

(1) T. B. Macaulay, 1800-1859. 

His public life. Macaulay as critic. Rhetorical merits of 
his style. 

(2) Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881. 

Critical attitude toward times. Theories of government, 
history, morals, etc. Literary force and power. Indi¬ 
vidualistic style. 

(3) John Henry Newman, 1801-1890. 

Newman the apostle of the Oxford movement. Character 
and influence of his work. Style. 

(4) John Ruskin, 1819-1900. 

Ruskin as art critic; as social reformer; as moralist. In¬ 
fluence. Characteristics of style. 


56 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


(5) Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888. 

Influence on education; religion; social life; as a critic 
of literature. 

(6) Other critics and essayists. 

Walter Pater, J. A. Symonds, A. C. Swinburne, Frederic 
Harrison, John Morley, Andrew Lang, Edmund Gosse, 
Augustine Birrell, etc. 

VII. Philosophers. 

J. S. Mill, 1806-1873. G. H. Lewes, 1817-1878. Herbert 
Spencer, 1820-1903. 

VIII. Scientists. 

Charles Darwin, 1809-1882. T. H. Huxley, 1825-1895. 
John Tyndall, 1820-1893. 

IX. Theologians. 

John Keble, 1792-1866. J. H. Xewman, 1801-1890. 

X. Victorian Fiction. 

(1) Leading early novelists. 

Bulwer-Lytton, 1803-1873. Charlotte Bronte, 1816-1855. 
W. M. Thackeray, 1811-1863. Charles Dickens, 1812- 
1870. 

(2) Later novelists. 

R. L. Stevenson, 1850-1894. George Meredith, 1829-1909. 
Thomas Hardy, 1840—. 

(3) Rise of the short story. 

Rudyard Kipling, 1865—. 

REFERENCES 

Historical 

McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, II. Bright, History of Eng¬ 
land, V. Rose, Rise and Growth of Democracy in Britain. C. W. C. 
Oman, England in the Nineteenth Century. Molesworth, History of Eng¬ 
land since 1830. Paul, History of Modern England. Traill, Social Eng¬ 
land; VI. 

General Literary 

Ward, English Poets, IV. Courthope, History of English Poetry. 
Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, IV. Cambridge History of English 
Literature, XII. G. Brandes, Main Currents of Nineteenth Century Liter¬ 
ature, IV. Dowden, Victorian Literature in Transcripts and Studies. 
Stedman, The Victorian Poets, 1876. Arnold Smith, Main Tendencies of 
Victorian Poets. W. M. Payne, The Greater Poets of the Nineteenth Cen¬ 
tury. Devey, Comparative Estimate of Modern English Poets. P. H. 
Bate, History of the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Scudder, Life of the Spirit 


VICTORIAN PERIOD. 


57 

in Modern English Poetry. G. Saintsbury, Essays in English Literature, 
1780-1860; also, The Later Nineteenth Century (Periods of European Lit¬ 
erature series). H. Walker, The Literature of the Victorian Era, 1910. 
D. Masson, British Novelists. W. L. Phelps, Essays on Modern Novelists, 
1909. W. J. Dawson, Makers of Modern English. Brownell, Victorian 
Prose Masters. P. Harrison, Early Victorian Literature. E. Gosse, His- 
tory of Modern English Literature, 1897. 

Biography, Criticism, Texts 

1. Poets 

Tennyson: Memoir, 2 vols., by Hallam Tennyson. Life, by A. Lyall 
(E. M. L.); by A. Lang (Great Writers); by A. Ainger, in Dictionary 
of National Biography. See, also. Works by G. K. Chesterton, A. C. Ben¬ 
son, E. L. Cary, R. F. Horton, A. Waugh, etc. 

Complete Works, 10 vols., London and New York. Riverside edition, 
6 vols., Boston. Also, Globe and Cambridge editions in 1 vol. 

Criticism; J, R. Lowell, Conversations with the Poets. W. Bagehot, 
Literary Studies. E. Dowden, Studies in Literature. L. E. Gates, Studies 
and Appreciations. R. H. Hutton, Literary Essays. J. Royce, Studies 
of Good and Evil. Swinburne, Miscellanies. Van Dyke, Poetry of Tenny¬ 
son. P. Harrison, Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, etc. W. C. Wilkinson, Some 
New Literary Valuations, New York, 1909. S. Brooke, Tennyson, His Art 
and Relation to Modern Life. M. Luce, Handbook to the Works of Alfred 
Tennyson, etc. 

Browning: Life, by G. K. Chesterton (E. M. L.); by W. Sharp (Great 
Writers); by E. Gosse in Dictionary of National Biography; also, works 
by A. L. Orr, E. L. Cary, J. Douglas, E. Dowden, A. T. Ritchie, etc. See, 
also, the Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 

Poetical Works, 9 vols.. New York. Riverside edition, 6 vols., Boston. 
Globe edition, 2 vols. Cambridge edition, 1 vol., etc. Also, Camberwell 
edition, ed. Porter and Clarke, 12 vols., Boston. 

Criticism: E. Gosse, Robert Browning, 1890. W. Bagehot, Literary 
Studies, II. J. T. Nettleship, Essays on Browning's Poetry. Introduc¬ 
tions to the poetry of Browning by W. H. Alexander, E. Berdoe, B. 
Cooke, H. Corson, J. Fotheringham, A. Symons, S. Brooke, etc. 

Essays by A. Birrell, Obiter Dicta; R. Burton, Literary- Likings; E. 
Dowden, Studies in Literature; R. H. Hutton, Literary Essays; G. 
Santayana, Interpretations of Poetry and Religion; G. E. Woodberry, 
Makers of Literature, etc. 

Mrs. Browning: P. G. Kenyon, Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 
H. R. Horne, Life and Letters of Mrs. Browning. J. H. Ingram, Elizabeth 
Barrett Browning. Life, by A. T. Ritchie in Dictionary of National 
Biography. 

Works: Poetical Works, ed. by Porter and Clarke, 6 vols., Boston. 
Globe and Cambridge editions in 1 vol., etc. 

Criticism: A. C. Benson, Essays. E. Grosse, Critical Kit-Kats. E. S. 
Robertson, English Poetesses, etc. 

Clough: Memoirs, by C. E. Norton and Mrs. Clough. J. C. Shairp, 
Portraits of Friends. S. Waddington, A. H. Clough. Life, by L. Stephen 
in Dictionary of National Biography. 

Works; Complete Works in 2 vols., London, 1869. Poetry, 1 vol.. 
Prose, 1 vol.. New York. Selections in Golden Treasury series. 


N 


58 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Criticism: W. Bagehot, Literary Studies, II. W. H. Hudson, Studies 
in Interpretation. R. H. Hutton, Literary Studies. C. Patmore, Prin¬ 
ciples in Art. 

Arnold: Letters, ed. G. W. E. Russell. J. Fitch, Thomas and Matthew 
Arnold in Great Educator series. G. Saintsbury in Modern English Writ¬ 
ers series. W. H. Thorne, Life of Matthew Arnold, 1887. H. W. Paul, 
Life, in E. M. L. series. G. W. E. Russell, Matthew Arnold in Literary 
Lives series. R. Garnett in Dictionary of National Biography. 

Works: Complete Works, 14 vols.; Poetical Works, 3 vols.; Globe 
edition, 1 vol.. New York. 

Criticism: W. C. Roscoe, Poems and Essays, II. Swinburne, Essays 
and Studies. A. Birrell, Res Judicatae. Dowden, Transcripts and Studies. 
L. E. Gates, Three Studies in Literature, and Studies and Appreciations. 
W. H. Hudson, Studies in Interpretation. R. H. Hutton, Literary Essays. 
Woodberry, Makers of Literature. J. M. Robertson, Modern Humanists. 
P. Harrison, Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, etc. W. H. Dawson, Arnold and 
His Relation to the Thought of Our Time. G. White, Matthew Arnold and 
the Spirit of His Age. W. C. Wilkinson, Some New Literary Valuations, 
1909. 

Rossetti: T. H, Caine, Recollections of Rossetti, 1882. W. Sharp, 
Rossetti: A Record and Study, 1882. J. Knight, Life (Great Writers 
series). E. L. Cary, The Rossettis, 1900. A. C. Benson, Life (E. M. L. 
series). W. M. Rossetti, Ruskin, Rossetti, and Pre-Raphaelitism, 1899; 
Pre-Raphaelite Diaries and Letters, 1900; Rossetti Papers, 1862-1810, a 
Compilation, 1903. Also, Life, by R. Garnett in Dictionary of National 
Biography, and by T. Watts in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Family Letters, 
edited with Memoir by W. M. Rossetti, 1895. 

Works: Collected Works, with Preface and Notes, ed. W. M. Rossetti, 
2 vols., London and New York. Poems, Siddal edition, 7 vols., 1900-1901. 

Criticism: R. Buchanan, Contemporary Review, 1871. F. W. H. Myers, 
Essays Modern. W. Pater, Appreciations. C. Patmore, Principles in Art. 
Swinburne, Essays and Studies. T. Watts in Nineteenth Century, 1883. 
A. Sharp, Victorian Poets. 

Morris: J. W. Mackail, Life of William Morris, 2 vols., 1899. A. Val- 
lance. The Late William Morris, 1896. A. Noyes, Life of William Morris 
(E. M. L. series). E. L. Cary, William Morris, Poet, Craftsman, Socialist. 

Poetical Works of William Morris, 11 vols., 1896-98. 

Criticism: G. Saintsbury, Corrected Impressions. W. Pater, Apprecia¬ 
tions. A. C. Swinburne, Essays. G. K. Chesterton, Twelve Types. E. Dow¬ 
den, Transcripts and Studies. F. W. H. Myers in the Nineteenth Century, 
1893. W. Sharp in the Atlantic Monthly, 1896. W. B. Yeats, Ideas of 
Good, and Evil. 

Swindurne: T. Wratislaw, Swinburne in English Writers of Today 
series, 1901. See, also, the New International Encyclopaedia. 

Works: Collected edition, 12 vols.. New York, 1904 ff. 

Criticism: J. R. Lowell, My Study Windows. R. Buchanan, in the 
Contemporary Review, 1871. E. Gosse in the Century Magazine, 1902. G. 
E. Woodberry, A Study of Swinburne, New York, 1905. 

2. Essayists and Novelists 

Macaulay: G. O. Trevelyan, Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, London, 
1881. H. H. Milman, A Memoir of Lord Macaulay. F. Arnold, Life. C. 
Jones, Macaulay: His Life, His Writings. J. C. Morison, Life, in E. M. L. 


VICTORIAN PERIOD. 


59 


series. E. P. Whipple, Biographical Sketches. E. T. Mason, Personal 
Traits. Life, by L. Stephen in Dictionary of National Biography. 

Works: Complete Works, ed. Lady Trevelyan, London, 1866. Various 
editions of separate works. 

Criticism: L. Stephen, Hours in a Library, 11. W. E, Gladstone, 
Gleanings from Past Years. W. E. Bagehot, Literary Studies. R. C. 
Jehh, Macaulay, a Lecture. J. Morley, Critical Miscellanies. F. Harrison, 
Studies in Early Victorian Literature. G. Saintsbury, Corrected Impres¬ 
sions. W. Minto, Manual of English Prose. 

Carlyle: J. Nichol, Life (E. M. L. series). R. Garnett, Life (Great 
Writers series). D. Masson, Carlyle Personally. Craig, The Making of 
Carlyle. S. Lee, Life (Dictionary of National Biography). J. A. Froude, 
Thomas Carlyle (first forty years), Thomas Carlyle (life in London). 
Memoirs by Nicoll, Conway, Wylie, Larkin, Shepherd, etc. 

Reminiscences, ed. by J. A. Froude. Letters, ed. Norton; Correspond¬ 
ence of Carlyle and Emerson. Jane Welsh Carlyle, Letters and Memorials. 

Works: Complete Works, ed. H. D. Traill, 30 vols.. New York, 1895. 
Separate works in various editions. 

Criticism: J. R, Lowell, My Study Windows. L. Stephen, Hours in a 
Library. J. M. Robertson, Modern Humanists. F. Harrison, Early Vic¬ 
torian Literature. R. H. Hutton, Modern Guides of English Thought. W. 
S. Lilly, Four English Humorists. Brownell, Victorian Prose Masters. 
Minto, Manual of English Prose. 

Newman: W. Barry, Newman (Literary Lives series). H. J. Jennings, 
Cardinal Newman. W. Meynell, John Henry Newman. J. S. Fletcher, a 
Short Life of J. H. Newman. 

J. H. Newman, Apologia pro Vita sua, and Letters, ed. Mozley. 

Works: Uniform edition, London, 1868-1881. 

Criticism: R. W. Church, The Oxford Movement, and Occasional Pa¬ 
pers, II. L. E. Gates, Three Studies in Literature. Donaldson, Five 
Great Oxford Leaders. Jacobs, Literary Studies. R. H. Hutton, Modern 
Guides of English Thought. Lilly, Essays and Speeches. Shairp, Studies 
in Poetry and Philosophy. R. H. Hutton, Cardinal Newman, Boston, 1891. 

Ruskin: W. G. Collingwood, The Life and Works of J. Ruskin, 2 vols., 
Boston, 1893. F. Harrison, Ruskin (E. M. L. series). J. M. Mather, 
John Ruskin, His Life and Teaching, New York, 1892. A. Meynell, John 
Ruskin (Modern English Writers), New York, 1900. C. Waldstein, The 
Work of John Ruskin, New York, 1893. E. T. Cook {Dictionary of Na¬ 
tional Biography). Praeterita (Autobiography to 1865.) 

Works: Brantwood edition, ed. C. E. Norton, 22 vols.. New York. 

Criticism: J. A. Hobson, John Ruskin, Social Reformer. E. T. Cook, 
Studies in Ruskin. W. White, Principles of Art. J. M. Robertson, Modern 
Humanists. M. H. Spielmann, John Ruskin. F. Harrison, Tennyson, 
Ruskin, Mill, etc. H. Shaw, Syllabus of Six Lectures on Ruskin. W. M. 
Rossetti, Ruskin, Rossetti, and Pre-Raphaelitism. G. Saintsbury, Cor¬ 
rected Impressions. Brownell, Victorian Prose Masters. Forster, Great 
Teachers. 

Arnold: See references above. 

Thackeray: A. Trollope, Thackeray (E. M. L.), New York, 1895. H. 
Merivale and F. Marzials, Thackeray (Great Writers series), 1891. T. G. 
L. Melville, Life of Thackeray, 2 vols. L. Stephen, Life (Dictionary of 
National Biography). W. Pollock, Life (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Let¬ 
ters of Thackeray, New York, 1887. 


s 


60 


PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


Works: Century ed., 17 vols., New York, 1901. 

Criticism: J. Brown, Thackeray, His Literary Career. P. Bayne, 
Essays in Biography and Criticism. W. Bagehot, Literary Studies, II. 
B. Taylor, Critical Essays. F. Harrison, Studies in Early Victorian Lit¬ 
erature. W. S. Lilly, Four English Humorists. V. D. Scudder, Social 
Ideals in English Letters. Brownell, Victorian Prose Masters. 

Dickens: J. Forster, Life, 1872-74. M. Dickens, Charles Dickens. R. 
Langton, The Childhood and Youth of Dickens. F. Marzials, Charles 
Dickens (Great Writers series). A. W. Ward, Charles Dickens (E. M. L. 
series). The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. by Miss Dickens and Miss 
Hogarth, 3 vols.. New York, 1893. 

Works: Century edition, 17 vols.. New York, 1901, etc. 

Criticism: G. Gissing, Charles Dickens (Victorian Era series). W. 
Bagehot, Literary Studies. F. Harrison, Early Victorian Literature. A. 
H. Stanley, Sermons, 1870. G. K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens. Kitton, 
The Novels of Charles Dickens. Fitzgerald, The History of Pickwick. 
W. S. Lilly, Four English Humorists. G. A. Pierce, The Dickens Diction¬ 
ary, London, 1891. 

Eliot: Life, by L. Stephen (E. M. L. series). O. Browning (Great 
Writers series). J. W. Cross, George Eliot's Life as Related in Her 
Letters and Journals. M. Blinde, George Eliot (Famous Women series). 
L. Stephen (Dictionary of National Biography). 

Works: Personal Edition, ed. E. Wood, 12 vols.. New York, 1901, etc. 
* Criticism: G. W. Cooke, George Eliot, a Critical Study, Boston, 1883. 
R. H. Hutton, Essays, II; also. Modern Guides of English Thought. F. 
W. H. Myers, Essays, II. E. Dowden, Studies in Literature. J. Sully, 
Mind, VI, 1881. F. Harrison, The Choice of Books; also. Early Victorian 
Literature. H. James> Partial Portraits. W. S. Lilly, Four English 
Humorists. J. Jacobs, Literary Studies. Parkinson, Scenes from George 
Eliot's Country. 

Stevenson: G. Balfour, Life of R. L. Stevenson. S. Colvin (Diction¬ 
ary of National Biography). L. C. Cornford, R. L. Stevenson. M. M. 
Black, R. L. Stevenson. M. Armour, Homes and Haunts of R. L. Steven¬ 
son. E. B. Simpson, R. L. Stevenson's Edinburgh Days. Fraser, In 
Stevenson's Samoa. Osborne and Strong, Memories of Vailima. Memories 
and Portraits, etc., ed. S. Colvin. 

Works issued by Chatto and Windus, London; by Scribner, New York. 
Criticism: W. Raleigh, R. L. Stevenson. Rosebery, Appreciations and 
Addresses. Alice Brown, Stevenson. H. James, Partial Portraits. Chap¬ 
man, Emerson and Other Essays. S. Kirk, Atlantic Monthly, 1887, etc. 

Meredith: No biography yet published. 

Works: published by Chapman, and by Arnold Constable, London, and 
by Scribner (Memorial edition). New York, 1910. 

Criticism: R. Le Gallienne, George Meredith: Some Characteristics. 
H. Lynch, George Meredith: A Study. G. J. Bailey, The Novels of George 
Meredith, London, 1908. R. H. P. Curie, Aspects of George Meredith, 
London, 1908. George Meredith: Some Early Appreciations (twenty-three 
essays by various authors). New York, 1910. W. E. Henley, Views and 
Revieivs. A. Monkhouse, Books and Plays. P. E. More, Shelburne Essays. 
W. C. Brownell, Victorian Prose Masters. J. M. Barrie, in Contemporary 
Review, 1888. 



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Treetm 

Treatment Date: Jan. 2009 


Township, pa 16066 
(724)779-2111 







































